Figure 1

Spatial distribution and phylogenetic relationships between mtDNA haplotypes of contemporary European wolves. Based on 230 bp sequences. (a) Distribution of different wolf haplotypes in Europe, against the background of the current wolf range (based on Ref. [54], modified). (b) Maximum parsimony tree (50% majority rule consensus) of mtDNA haplotypes of European wolves. Bootstrap support, if found in more than 50% of 1000 replicates, is indicated as: stars above the branches for the maximum likelihood tree, stars below the branches for the minimum evolution tree, and "+"above the branches for the maximum parsimony tree. "+" below the branches indicate clade credibility values for the Bayesian tree with a coalescent prior, if higher than 0.5. Two main haplogroups correspond to the main clades of the network. Haplotype w20 has an ambiguous haplogroup assignment. (c) Statistical parsimony network of mtDNA haplotypes of European wolves. Large circles represent the haplotypes and small circles indicate interior nodes that were absent from the sample because of insufficient sampling or extinct haplotypes. Each line represents a single mutational change. Dashed lines denote alternative mutational connections. Similar haplotypes are grouped into nested clades, denoted by rectangles.