Table 3 Mediterranean taxa as examples of phylogenetic splits in north Africa (NA) (MSC: Messinian Salinity Crisis; ?: no available data).
Events | Divergence Time (Myr) | Taxa | Lineages | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Tectonics (microplates) | Oligocene-Miocene | the cork oak Quercus suber | 2 sub-lineages in Morocco vs 1 in Tunisian | [33] |
Tectonics (microplates | Oligocene-Miocene | the pine Pinus pinaster | Morocco vs Tunisian lineages | [34] |
Tectonics (microplates) Geographical barrier: Moulouya River basin | 9.5-5.6 1.8 | the frogs Discoglossus pictus-auritus/scovazzi | 2 isolated lineages in contact in NA: D. pictus-auritus in Algeria-Tunisa vs D. scovazzi in Morocco | |
? | (15-10) | the scorpion Buthus occitanus | Atlas (Morocco) vs Tell-Atlas (Tunisia) lineages | [37] |
Tectonics (microplates) | ? | the frog Hyla meridionalis | Morocco vs Tunisian lineages | [38] |
Geographical barrier: Atlas Mountains in Morocco | 13 - 11 | the fresh turtle Mauremys leprosa | 2 clades north vs south mountains | [39] |
Geographical barrier: Atlas and Tell systems | 13 - 11 | the lizards Lacerta pater/L. tangitana | 2 species west vs east mountains | [40] |
Mid-Miocene split -end of MSC Marine transgression (Edough peninsula) | 14-5.3 4.2 | the newts Pleurodeles waltl P.nebulosus P. poireti | Differentiation P.waltl/ancestor P.nebulosus-P. poireti Differentiation P.waltl/ancestor P.nebulosus-P. poireti | |
Geographical barrier: Atlas uplift | 8.5-9.4 | the Agamid lizard Agama impalearis | 2 lineages in Morocco: NW vs SE Atlas | [44] |
MSC ? | 6-3.5 | the snake Malpolon monspessulanus | M.m. monspessulanus from Morocco/Algeria vs M.m insignitus from Tunisia lineages | [45] |
Geographical barrier: Moulouya River basin, ? | ? | the riverine snake Natrix maura | 3 lineages: Morocco, east Morocco + Algeria, Tunisia+ east Algeria | [46] |
MSC? | 5 | the riverine snake Natrix maura | 2 lineages: Tunisia vs Morocco | [47] |
Post MSC | from 5 | the salamander Salamandra algira | 2 lineages: west Morocco vs east Morocco + Algeria | [48] |
Marine transgression (Edough peninsula) | 4.2 | the salamander Salamandra algira | Morocco vs Edough peninsula lineages | [49] |
Marine transgression (Edough peninsula) | 4.2 | the land snail Turodella sulcata | Turodella sulcata ss vs Turodella sp (Enough peninsula) | |
? | ? | the lizard Acanthodactylus erythrurus belli | Morocco vs Algeria+Tunisia (A. blanci ) lineages # | [52] |
in situ differentiation (with Moulouya River basin as possible geographical barrier) post to colonization from Europe | from 3.5 | the wall lizard Podarcis hispanica s.l. | 3 lineages: northen Morocco vs southern Morocco vs Tunisia | |
Climatic fluctuations | 2.2 | the shrew Crocidura russula | Moroccan vs Tunisian lineages | [55] |
| Â | 2 | the frog Rana saharica | 2 clades: R. s. saharica from Algeria. and R. s. riodeoroi from Morocco | |
? | 1.5 | the lizard Psammodromus algirus | Minor divergence between Morocco vs Tunisia clades | [58] |
in situ differentiation | 1.3 | the Crested lark Galerida cristata | 3 lineages: cristata (west NA) vs randonii (central NA) vs senegallensis (east NA) | [59] |
Quaternary glacial refuges | 1.6-1.0 | the wall lizard Podarcis vaucheri | 8 subsets in Morocco | [60] |
Quaternary glacial refuges | LGM (0.018) | the annual grass Hordeum marinum | Iberia vs Central Mediterranean lineages | [18] |
? | ? | the gecko Tarentola mauritanica | 4 lineages: 2 in Morocco. 1 in Algeria. 1 in Tunisa | |
? | ? | the winter pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa/T. wilkinsoni | Morocco-west Algeria vs east Algeria-Tunisia lineages | Kerdelhué, comm. pers. |