Gall-induction in insects: evolutionary dead-end or speciation driver?

Hardy, Nate B; Cook, Lyn G

doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-257

BMC Ecology and Evolution

Table 1 Comparisons between galling and non-galling insect sister groups

From: Gall-induction in insects: evolutionary dead-end or speciation driver?

Galling-sister	Species number	Host range	Gall host MRCA age (Ma)	ERM P galler	Non-galling sister	Species number	Host range	Non-gall host MRCA age (Ma)	ERM P non-galler
Euurina	400	Salix, Populus	58	0.059	Nematus melanaspis-group	25	Salicaceae, Betulaceae	94	0.94
Bacconematus	1	Ribes	35	1.00	Eitelius	2	Salix	35	0.50
Pristolina	4	Vaccinium	0	0.50	Pristicampus	3	Potentilla	0	0.67
Micronematus	1	Prunus	70*	0.97	Pristiphora subgenus Sala	30	Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Salicaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Grossulariaceae, Malvaceae	114	0.033
Kladothrips	24	Acacia	0	0.21	Rhopalothripoides	6	Acacia	0	0.83
gall-inducing Cynipidae + Synergini	1369	Fagaceae, Rosaceae, Papaveraceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Anacardiaceae, Smilacaceae, Valerianaceae, Apiaceae, Sapindaceae	144	0.24	Figitidae (in part): Charpinae, Anacharitinae, Figitinae, Aspicerinae	435	Diptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera	300	0.76
Agaonidae + Otitesellinae	690	Ficus	60	0.15	Sycoryctinae	121	Agaonidae + Sycoryctinae	60	0.85
Eurostina	41	Asteraceae (Soldagininae: Solidago; Chrysothamnus; Gutierrezia))	0	0.54	Euaresta	46	Asteraceae (Ambrosiinae: Ambrosia; Xanthium; Dicoria)	0	0.48
Oedapidina	88	Asteraceae	42	0.71	Tephrellini	210	Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae	45	0.30
Hexomyza	16	Liliopsida/Eudicotyledons	144	0.95	Ophiomyia + Tropicomyia	282	Liliopsida/Eudicotyledons	144	0.054
Apiomorpha	150	Eucalyptus	65	0.020	Ourococcus	3	Myrtaceae, Casuarinaceae	104	0.99
Maskellia	2	Eucalyptus	65	1.00	Aspidiotini; Pseudaonidina; Odonaspidini; non-pupillarial Parlatorini	874	Magnoliphyta/Coniferophyta	366	0.0023
Cerataphidini	73	Styrax	0	0.053	Thelaxes (Thelaxinae)	4	Quercus	0	0.96

Most recent common ancestor (MRCA) ages are in millions of years before the present. Host ranges are reported as lists of taxa or, in the case of diverse ranges, as two subgroups which span the MRCA node. Divergence dates are from Davies et al. [69] (angiosperms) and Hedges et al. [70]

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