Phylogenetic diversification patterns and divergence times in ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalinae)

Table 1 Calibration points used for estimation of phylogenetic divergence times for Harpalinae.

	Fossil	Min. age for lineage (Mybp)	Period	Location	Reference
α	Carabidae	155 - 160	Late Jurassic	South Kazakhstan and Bavaria	[31, 50]
β	Abacetus	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86–88]
γ	Harpalinae	89.0 - 93.5	Late Cretaceous	South Kazakhstan	[31]
δ	Agonum	49.0 - 52.0	Early Eocene	Green River CO	[89]
ε	Amara	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86]
ζ	Cymindoidea	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86]
η	Apristus	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86]
θ	Brachinus	34.9 - 38.0	Late Eocene	Florissant CO	[89, 90]
ι	Bradycellus	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86]
κ	Calathus	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86]
λ	Diplocheila	34.9 - 38.0	Late Eocene	Florissant CO	[89, 90]
μ	Dromius	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86]
ν	Galerita	49.0 - 52.0	Early Eocene	Green River CO	[89]
ξ	Platynus	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86]
ο	Chlaenius	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86]
π	Plochionus	34.9 - 38.0	Late Eocene	Florissant CO	[89]
ρ	Pterostichus	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86–88]
σ	Badister	5.3 - 7.1	Late Miocene	Oeningen	[91]
τ	Stenolophus	34.9 - 38.0	Late Eocene	Florissant CO	[89, 90]
ν	Syntomus	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86]
ϕ	Helluonini	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86]
χ	Harpalini	61.0 - 65.0	Early Paleocene	Staratschin cap	[92]
ψ	Pterostichini	80 - 90	Late Cretaceous	Orapa	[93, 94]
ω	Panagaeus	23.8 - 28.5	Late Oligocene	Aix-en-Provance	[95]
φ	Odacanthini	34.9 - 38.0	Late Eocene	Florissant CO	[89, 90]
ς	Lebia	44.1	Middle Eocene	Baltic	[86]

Greek symbols correspond to fossil-based minimum age constraints placed on the phylogeny in Figure 2.

ISSN: 2730-7182