Skip to main content

Table 1 Literature survey of studies testing for constitutive (a) and inducible (b) costs of immunity in arthropods.

From: Successfully resisting a pathogen is rarely costly in Daphnia magna

Ref

Species

Cost ?

Selection

Challenge

Environment

Observations

a Constitutive cost

     

[35]

Plodia interpunctella

development timea, longevity, reproduction

resistance virus

-

Standard lab conditions

adevelopment time difference tend to decrease after two more generations

[41]

Plutella xylostella

growth rate b , survival b

resistance B. thuringiensis

-

Poor quality food

bcost of resistance for one population, advantage for the other

[41]

Plutella xylostella

survival c

resistance B. thuringiensis

-

larval competition

ccost of resistance for one population on two tested

[55]

Biomphalaria glabrata

fertility, mortality

resistance Schistosoma

-

Standard lab conditions

includes a susceptiblity-selected control (different effect)

[34]

Aedes aegypti

early pupation = low melanization

early/late pupation

beads to test melanization

Standard lab conditions

no control for wounding

[6]

Tenebrio molitor

cuticular colord

-

-

Standard lab conditions

dcuticular color is correlated with investment in immunity; positively correlated with longevity, no effect on fecundity

[56]

Anopheles gambiae

longevity, fecundity, mating success

resistance Plasmodium

-

Standard lab conditions

includes a susceptiblity-selected control (same effect)

[36]

Drosophila melanogaster

competitive ability against controlse, survival, development time, fecundity, size, fluctuating asymetry

resistance A. tabida

-

Various food levels and competition

ecost found only for lowest food levels

[37]

Drosophila melanogaster

fecundity, egg viability, starvation tolerance

resistance L. boulardi

-

Standard lab conditions

 

[37]

Drosophila melanogaster

competitive ability f

resistance L. boulardi

-

Various food levels and competition

fcost found only for lowest food levels

[55]

Drosophila melanogaster

resistance, survival, competition abilityg

high/low densities

-

Standard lab conditions

gindividuals selected at high densities fare actually better

[57]

Drosophila melanogaster

fecundityh, longevity

resistance Macrocheles

-

High/Low temperatures

hcost found only for high temperature

[58]

Drosophila melanogaster

fecundity

-

-

Standard lab conditions

 

[8]

Drosophila melanogaster

fecundity i

-

-

High/Low food levels

icost found only for low food

[59]

Drosophila melanogaster

fecundity j , competitivity j

resistance T. kingi

-

High/Low larval competition

jcost found only for high competition level

[39]

Drosophila melanogaster

longevityk, body mass, development timel, egg viability, productivity, mating

resistance P. aeruginosa

-

Standard lab conditions

kcost found only for females; lreduced development time for selected lines

[60]

Acyrthosiphon pisum

fecundity, resistance to different parasites

-

-

High/low food quality

 

[53]

Acyrthosiphon pisum

fecundity, survival without foodm, sizem, competitive abilityn

-

-

Standard lab conditions

mresistance is actually positively correlated with this trait; nunpublished data cited

[32]

Daphnia magna

mortality, age of 1st reproduction, fecundity

-

-

Standard lab conditions

 

[32]

Daphnia magna

competitive ability

-

-

High densities, very low food

 

[31]

Daphnia magna

fitness

-

-

Low quality natural environment

 

[33]

Daphnia magna

survival, fitness

+/- O. bayeri

-

low density, high food

 

b Inducible cost

     

[40]

Tenebrio molitor

? o

-

generalist fungus

solitary/gregarious

oassume plasticity = cost

[6]

Tenebrio molitor

longevity, fecundity

-

Nylon inserted

Standard lab conditions

 

[61]

Tribolium castaneum

fecundity; developmentp, survivalp

-

heat killed bact injected

Standard lab conditions

pcosts shown in 1 line only

[62]

Bombus terrestris q

survival r

-

LPS injected, beads inserted

High/zero food levels

qsterile workers; rcost found only when starved

[63]

Aedes aegypti

fecundity s

-

beads inserted

Standard lab conditions

sdepend on the charge of the bead

[8]

Drosophila melanogaster

fecundity t

-

P. rettgeri injected

High/low food levels

tcosts result from wounding only, just after injection (not lasting)

[59]

Drosophila melanogaster

fecundity, survival

resistance T. kingi

exposure T. kingi

Standard lab conditions

 

[25]

Daphnia magna

mortality

-

exposure P. ramosa

low food and high densityu

uhigh density for first experiment only

[31]

Daphnia magna

fitness

-

exposure O. bayeri

Low quality natural environment

 
  1. Details given for each study are: the species studied (Species), whether a cost was found or not (Costs?: traits for which a cost was detected are bolded), whether the lines used in the experiment where selected before, and if so the object of the selection (Selection), how the animal's immunity was challenged (Challenge) and finally what were the environmental conditions tested (Environment).