Table 3 Optima (minima and maxima) in millions of years derived for each clade

Aplysia californica : Pupa strigosa

257.434

18.841

220.719

295.515

Albinaria caerulea: (Aplysia californica : Pupa strigosa)

355.753

18.063

320.518

391.260

Cepaea nemoralis : (Albinaria caerulea : (Aplysia californica : Pupa strigosa))

390.342

18.392

354.283

426.306

Mytilus edulis : Mytilus galloprovincialis

2.474

0.553

1.556

3.717

Chlamys farreri : Mizuhopecten yessoensis

46.142

5.483

36.418

57.765

Placopecten magellanicus : (Chlamys farreri : Mizuhopecten yessoensis)

88.175

9.537

70.950

108.724

Argopecten irradians : (Placopecten magellanicus : (Chlamys farreri : Mizuhopecten yessoensis))

113.296

11.374

92.757

137.153

Crassostrea angulata : C. gigas

2.723

0.397

2.025

3.577

C. sikamea : (C. angulata : C. gigas)

16.469

2.040

12.770

20.885

C. hongkongensis : C. ariakensis

22.316

2.786

17.333

28.334

(C. hongkongensis : C. ariakensis): (C. sikamea : (C. angulata : C. gigas))

28.781

3.448

22.615

36.222

C. iredalei : ((C. hongkongensis : Cr. ariakensis): (C. sikamea : (C. angulata : C. gigas)))

42.770

5.051

33.622

53.649

C. virginica : (C. iredalei : ((C. hongkongensis : C. ariakensis): (C. sikamea : (C. angulata : C. gigas))))

82.651

9.015

66.209

101.967

Saccostrea mordax (C. virginica : (C. iredalei : ((C. hongkongensis : C. ariakensis): (C. sikamea : (C. angulata : C. gigas)))))

109.049

11.125

88.800

132.464

Ostreoida: Pectinoida

421.475

18.890

384.824

4.58.57

Mytiloida: (Ostreoida: Pectinoida)

479.361

16.121

448.075

510.635

Gastropoda: Bivalvia

540.866

11.359

522.899

560.657