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Table 3 Analyses of molecular variance for all Melanargia galathea populations and one population of M.lachesis

From: From Africa to Europe and back: refugia and range shifts cause high genetic differentiation in the Marbled White butterfly Melanargia galathea

Group

among populations

(FST)

among individuals within populations

(FIS)

within individuals

All galathea and lachesis

0.1789***

(0.1889)

0.0875***

(0.0758)

(0.7910)

All galathea

0.1685***

(0.1767)

0.0858***

(0.0748)

(0.7968)

   Sicily and Tunisia

0.0623***

(0.0527)

0.1111***

(0.0882)

(0.7059)

Sicily

0.0476***

(0.0345)

0.0827*

(0.0570)

(0.6325)

Tunisia

0.0425***

(0.0381)

0.1252***

(0.1075)

(0.7513)

   Morocco

0.0334***

(0.0304)

0.0408

(0.0358)

(0.8427)

   Italy, Balkans, Central Europe

0.0951***

(0.0939)

0.0853***

(0.0763)

(0.8174)

Italy

0.0116

(0.0112)

0.1092***

(0.1034)

(0.8438)

Italy and S France

0.0142*

(0.0135)

0.1143***

(0.1066)

(0.8258)

west Balkan group

0.0500***

(0.0411)

0.0999**

(0.0780)

(0.7028)

east Balkan and Central Europe

0.0614***

(0.0580)

0.0673***

(0.0597)

(0.8282)

  1. F statistics (top line) with their respective variance values (in parenthesis below). Groupings following neighbour joining analysis and STRUCTURE plots (see Figures 1 and 2).
  2. *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001