Figure 4

Variations of the model to incorporate constraints on blackmailing opportunity, where (a) blackmailing opportunity decreases with increase in the mate guarding, and (b) blackmailing opportunity decreases with increase in policing individuals. In both the cases, the results are qualitatively similar in that blackmailing leads to cyclic oscillations in strategies with no ESS similar to Figure 2C. Arrows indicate the direction of change in strategy. All parameter values as per Figure 2.