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Table 2 Results of nested ANOVAs for larval time (A), pupal time (B), larval growth rate (C) and pupal mass (D)

From: Directional selection on cold tolerance does not constrain plastic capacity in a butterfly

A) Larval time

DF

MS

F

P

Selection Regime

1,6

205.6

1.0

0.3453

Inbreeding Level

2,6

87.2

0.4

0.6614

Replicate Line [Sel. Reg. & Inbr.]

6,110

216.0

9.4

<0.0001

Repl. Cage [Sel., Inbr. & Repl.]

108,4640

23.5

3.8

<0.0001

Rearing Temperature

1,4640

565906.0

90265.2

<0.0001

Sex

1,4640

5780.5

922.0

<0.0001

Selection Reg. * Inbreeding Level

2,6

236.5

1.2

0.3635

Selection Reg. * Rearing Temp.

1,4640

107.4

17.1

<0.0001

Selection Reg. * Sex

1,4640

11.2

1.8

0.1819

Inbreeding Level * Rearing Temp.

2,4640

139.2

22.2

<0.0001

Inbreeding Level * Sex

2,4640

14.4

2.3

0.1007

Rearing Temp. * Sex

1,4640

219.6

35.0

<0.0001

Sel. Reg. * Inbreed. * Rear. Temp.

2,4640

49.9

8.0

0.0004

Sel. Reg. * Rearing Temp. * Sex

1,4640

25.0

25.0

0.0457

Error

4640

6.3

  

B) Pupal time

DF

MS

F

P

Selection Regime

1,6

1.4

0.1

0.7627

Inbreeding Level

2,6

9.2

0.6

0.5567

Replicate Line [Sel. Reg. & Inbr.]

6,111

15.6

11.7

<0.0001

Repl. Cage [Sel., Inbr. & Repl.]

108,4639

1.4

2.5

<0.0001

Rearing Temperature

1,4639

24740.3

45323.1

<0.0001

Sex

1,4639

376.4

689.6

<0.0001

Selection Reg. * Inbreeding Level

2,6

1.7

0.1

0.8888

Selection Reg. * Rearing Temp.

1,4639

0.2

0.4

0.5196

Selection Reg. * Sex

1,4639

0.8

8.8

0.3708

Inbreeding Level * Rearing Temp.

2,4639

12.8

23.4

<0.0001

Inbreeding Level * Sex

2,4639

3.0

5.5

0.0041

Rearing Temp. * Sex

1,4639

13.6

24.9

<0.0001

Sel. Reg. * Inbreed. * Rear. Temp.

2,3941

3.5

6.3

0.0018

Inbreed. * Rear. Temp. * Sex

2,4639

2.2

4.1

0.0173

Error

4639

0.5

  

C) Growth rate

DF

MS

F

P

Selection Regime

1,6

5.7

0.1

0.7710

Inbreeding Level

2,6

40.9

0.7

0.5514

Replicate Line [Sel. Reg. & Inbr.]

6,109

68.1

8.2

<0.0001

Repl. Cage [Sel., Inbr. & Repl.]

108,4641

8.6

4.3

<0.0001

Rearing Temperature

1,4641

79417.9

40343.3

<0.0001

Sex

1,4641

154.2

78.3

<0.0001

Selection Reg. * Inbreeding Level

2,6

43.2

0.7

0.5353

Selection Reg. * Rearing Temp.

1,4641

2.1

1.1

0.3012

Selection Reg. * Sex

1,4641

0.4

0.2

0.6716

Inbreeding Level * Rearing Temp.

2,4641

33.0

16.8

<0.0001

Inbreeding Level * Sex

2,4641

0.6

0.3

0.7479

Rearing Temp. * Sex

1,4641

31.3

15.9

<0.0001

Sel. Reg. * Inbreed. * Rear. Temp.

2,4641

8.8

4.5

0.0115

Error

4641

2.0

  

D) Pupal mass

DF

MS

F

P

Selection Regime

1,6

2366.2

0.6

0.4880

Inbreeding Level

2,6

38734.6

8.9

0.0156

Replicate Line [Sel. Reg. & Inbr.]

6,110

4746.8

3.2

0.0064

Repl. Cage [Sel., Inbr. & Repl.]

108,4641

1527.4

3.8

<0.0001

Rearing Temperature

1,4641

156622.0

389.2

<0.0001

Sex

1,4641

1661991.0

4143.6

<0.0001

Selection Reg. * Inbreeding Level

2,6

231.4

0.1

0.9487

Selection Reg. * Rearing Temp.

1,4641

949.7

2.4

0.1239

Selection Reg. * Sex

1,4641

251.4

0.6

0.4286

Inbreeding Level * Rearing Temp.

2,4641

1285.1

3.2

0.0407

Inbreeding Level * Sex

2,4641

1253.2

3.1

0.0441

Rearing Temp. * Sex

1,4641

295.4

0.7

0.3908

Sel. Reg. * Inbreed. * Rear. Temp.

2,4641

2182.8

5.4

0.0044

Error

4641

400.5

  
  1. Results for the effects of selection regime (selection vs. control), inbreeding level (C, I1, I2), replicate line, replicate cage, rearing temperature (20 vs. 27°C), and sex on larval time (A), pupal time (B), larval growth rate (C), and pupal mass (D) in Bicyclus anynana. Replicate line was nested within selection regime and inbreeding level, and replicate cage was nested within replicate line, inbreeding level and selection regime. Both latter factors were included as random effects, while all others were considered fixed effects. Minimum adequate models were constructed by sequentially removing non-significant interaction terms. Significant P-values are given in bold.