Table 1 Initial simulation settings

heritability h²

0.83

selfing rate s

0.02

nb. of populations d

55

nb. of ind. per pop. N _ind

500

pollen migration rates m _p

0.02, 0.04

seed migration rates m _s

0.0002 , 0.0004

nb. of QTL n

10

mutation rate μ

10−⁵

nb. of latitude levels Y

11

interval of latitudes Y

$\left[-0.5,+0.5\right]$

steepness of environmental cline E scaled by k _E

1, 2, 3

variance of Z _opt across latitudinal levels ${\sigma }_{Z_{\text{opt}}}^2$

0, 1

intensity of stabilizing selection ω²

10⁹, 5

assortative mating intensity ρ

0; 0.3; 0.8