Figure 2From: A range-wide synthesis and timeline for phylogeographic events in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) Maximum clade credibility tree with time estimates for colonization events and basal diversifications within red fox mtDNA control region lineages. For the dating of phylogeographic events we used a combined approach, utilizing tip dates based on published ancient DNA red fox sequences [25], plus the arctic fox as exterior calibration point. This tree shows the results for a root height prior of 1.75-4 million years (My), according to the 95% credibility interval in Perini et al. [80] for the divergence time between red and arctic fox (Table 2). White: Nearctic lineage haplotypes; grey: Japanese haplotypes (lineages Honshu/Kyushu and Hokkaido II); black: Holarctic lineage haplotypes, including Japanese lineages Hokkaido Ia and Ib; ka: thousand years. Nodes marked with an asterisk were supported by posterior probability values >0.95. Samples used for tip calibration are marked with a ♦ symbol. Median ages and 95% highest posterior density ranges in brackets show the estimated ages of major lineages, and of the most basal nodes within these lineages. Our discussion focuses on lineages/nodes with ≥0.95 statistical support, recognizing that longer mtDNA sequences will be required to resolve larger proportions of the red fox mitochondrial phylogeny (see [58–62]).Back to article page