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Table 3 Mismatch distribution analysis under a sudden expansion model and time since expansion calculated for different mitochondrial lineages

From: A range-wide synthesis and timeline for phylogeographic events in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)

Geographic region, mtDNA lineagea

Ï„ (confidence interval)

Deviation from sudden expansion model (p-value)

Time since expansion [ka] (7.1% substitutions/lineage/My)b

Time since expansion [ka] (33.2% substitutions/lineage/My)b

North America, Nearctic lineage

10.580 (0.541–19.053)

0.115

222.4 (11.4–400.5)

47.6 (2.4–85.7)

North America, eastern lineage

1.086 (0.516–1.641)

0.371

22.8 (10.8–34.5)

4.9 (2.3–7.4)

North America, widespread lineage

13.295 (0.697–24.838)

0.071

279.5 (14.7–522.1)

59.8 (3.1–111.7)

Japan, Hokkaido II

1.725 (0–4.025)

0.743

36.2 (0–84.6)

7.8 (0–18.1)

  1. aMismatch analyses were performed for all lineages (see Table 1). Time since expansion was only calculated for lineages where τ did not differ significantly from the sudden expansion model (p > 0.05).
  2. bTime estimates calculated based on a per-lineage substitution rate of 7.1% (u = 2.379*10-5; see [2]) or 33.2% per million years (u = 1.112*10-4; see Table 2), respectively.
  3. ka thousand years, My million years.