Different evolutionary pathways underlie the morphology of wrist bones in hominoids

Kivell, Tracy L; Barros, Anna P; Smaers, Jeroen B

doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-229

BMC Ecology and Evolution

Table 1 Extant primate sample used in this study

From: Different evolutionary pathways underlie the morphology of wrist bones in hominoids

Group	Taxon	N	Body mass (kg) range F-M^a	Locomotor behaviours
NWM	Lagothrix lagotricha	7	7.0-9.3	arboreal quadruped, with climbing and orthograde clambering^b
	Ateles sp.	4	7.3-8.9	torso-orthograde suspensory; semi-brachiator^c
	Alouatta sp.	13	5.4-7.2	arboreal quadruped, with climbing and orthograde clambering
Hominoids	Pongo pygmaeus	25	35.8-78.5	torso-orthograde suspensory^d
	Pongo abelii	9	35.6-77.9	torso-orthograde suspensory
	Pan troglodytes verus	14	41.6-46.3	knuckle-walker (arboreal and terrestrial) and climbing^e
	Pan troglodytes troglodytes	25	45.8-59.7	knuckle-walker (arboreal and terrestrial) and climbing
	Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii	6	33.7-42.7	knuckle-walker and climbing (proportion of arboreality varies from 33-68%)
	Pan paniscus	19	33.2-45.0	knuckle-walker (arboreal and terrestrial) and climbing, considered more arboreal than P. troglodytes^f
	Homo sapiens	146	54.4-62.2	terrestrial biped
	Gorilla gorilla gorilla	40	71.5-170.4	terrestrial knuckle-walker (assumed to be less terrestrial than G.b.beringei)^g
	Gorilla beringei graueri	7	71.0-175.2	terrestrial knuckle-walker (assumed to be less terrestrial than G.b.beringei)
	Gorilla beringei beringei	9	97.5-162.5	terrestrial knuckle-walker (most terrestrial of all Gorilla, 93-98% terrestrial)
	Symphalangus syndactylus	5	10.7-11.9	brachiator^h
	Hylobates lar	27	5.4-5.9	brachiator
OWM	Presbytis sp.	2	5.6-6.8	arboreal quadruped, capable of leaping and forelimb suspensionⁱ
	Macaca mulatta	16	8.8-11.0	semi-terrestrial quadruped^j
	Macaca fascicularis	7	3.6-5.4	arboreal quadruped^k
	Papio Anubis	6	13.3-25.1	terrestrial quadruped^l
	Theropithecus gelada	5	11.7-19.0	terrestrial quadruped
	Chlorocebus aethiops	4	3.0-5.5	semi-terrestrial quadruped
	Erythrocebus patas	3	6.5-12.4	terrestrial quadruped
	Cercopithecus mitis	12	3.9-5.9	arboreal quadruped

Although we recognize that most primate taxa engage in a wide range of locomotor and postural behaviours, our summary here is only a brief description of the most frequent locomotor behaviour and environment.
^a Smith and Jungers (1997).
^b Describes a variety of locomotor behaviors, including quadrupedalism, climbing, and orthograde clambering, in an arboreal context (Cant et al., 2001, 2003).
^c Describes both torso-orthograde clambering and brachiation, which make up 50% of arboreal locomotion (Cant et al., 2001, 2003).
^d Describes both torso-orthograde clambering and brachiation which make up 35-60% of arboreal locomotion (Cant, 1987; Thorpe and Crompton, 2006).
^e Describes both terrestrial knuckle-walking – the primary mode of locomotion – in addition to various arboreal locomotor behaviours, including knuckle-walking, vertical climbing, clambering and suspension (Hunt 1991; Doran, 1996).
^f Doran (1992, 1993).
^g Hunt (1992) and Doran (1996).
^h Hunt (1991).
ⁱ Fleagle (1977).
^j Describes OWM that engage in roughly equal time in both terrestrial and arboreal environments (Rose, 1979; Wells and Turnquist, 2001).
^k Describes OWM that engage primarily in quadrupedalism in an arboreal environment (Cant, 1988; Gebo and Chapman, 1995).
^l Describes Old World monkeys (OWM) that engage in >68% terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion (Rose, 1977; Hunt, 1991; Fleagle, 1999).

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ISSN: 2730-7182

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