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Table 3 Descriptions of the wrist variables, their respective loadings on PC1 and PC2, and the variance explained by each PC

From: Different evolutionary pathways underlie the morphology of wrist bones in hominoids

Carpal

Variable

Description

PC1

PC2

Hamate

LHB-H

Maximum proximodistal length of hamate body (excluding hamulus)

0.846

0.032

 

HHTF

Maximum dorsopalmar height of hamate triquetrum facet

0.321

−0.399

 

LHB

Maximum proximodistal length of hamate body

0.082

0.970

 

LHTF

Maximum proximodistal length of hamate triquetrum facet

0.02

0.094

 

HHB

Maximum dorsopalmar height of hamate body (including hamulus)

−0.273

−0.034

 

HHB-H

Maximum dorsopalmar height of hamate body (excluding hamulus)

−0.660

−0.234

 

BHB

Maximum mediolateral breadth of hamate body

−0.935

−0.015

Variance explained

  

55.23%

22.39%

Lunate

BLRF

Maximum mediolateral breadth of lunate radial facet

0.884

−0.114

 

HLRF

Maximum dorsopalmar height of lunate radial facet

0.747

0.024

 

BLCF

Maximum mediolateral breadth of kunate capitate facet

0.452

−0.361

 

BLB

Maximum mediolateral breadth of lunate body

0.318

0.741

 

HLTF

Maximum dorsopalmar height of lunate triquetrum facet

0.235

−0.09

 

HLCF

Maximum dorsopalmar height of lunate capitate facet

0.188

0.388

 

LLTF

Maximum proximodistal length of lunate triquetrum facet

−0.061

−0.253

 

HLB

Maximum dorsopalmar height of lunate body

−0.118

0.962

 

LLB

Maximum proximodistal length of lunate body

−0.393

0.304

 

HLSF

Maximum dorsopalmar height of lunate scaphoid facet

−0.673

−0.571

 

LLSF

Maximum proximodistal length of lunate scaphoid facet

−0.952

−0.091

Variance explained

  

53.99%

22.61%

Triquetrum

HTHF

Maximum dorsopalmar height of triquetrum hamate facet

0.907

0.219

 

BTHF

Maximum mediolateral breadth of triquetrum hamate facet

0.529

0.019

 

BTB

Maximum mediolateral breadth of triquetrum body

0.385

0.14

 

HTLF

Maximum dorsopalmar height of triquetrum lunate facet

0.033

0.2

 

LTB

Maximum proximodistal length of triquetrum body

−0.036

−0.061

 

LTLF

Maximum proximodistal length of triquetrum lunate facet

−0.08

−0.972

 

HTB

Maximum dorsopalmar height of triquetrum body

−0.697

0.258

Variance explained

  

72.75%

12.96%

Capitate

BCN

Minimum mediolateral breadth of capitate neck

0.987

−0.121

 

BCB

Maximum mediolateral breadth of capitate body

0.165

0.367

 

BCPF

Maximum mediolateral breadth of capitate proximal facet

0.035

−0.834

 

LCB

Maximum proximodistal length of capitate body

−0.096

0.972

 

HCPF

Maximum dorsopalmar height of capitate proximal facet

−0.859

−0.107

 

HCB

Maximum dorsopalmar height of capitate body

−0.971

0.087

Variance explained

  

70.93%

22.14%

Scaphoid*

LSB

Maximum proximodistal length of scaphoid body

0.951

−0.089

 

HSB

Maximum dorsopalmar height of scaphoid body

0.352

−0.075

 

LSRF

Maximum proximodistal length of scaphoid radial facet

0.243

0.146

 

HSRF

Maximum dorsopalmar height of the scaphoid radial facet

0.186

−0.13

 

BSB

Maximum mediolateral breadth of scaphoid body

−0.045

0.936

 

HSLF

Maximum dorsopalmar height of scaphoid lunate facet

−0.056

−0.36

 

LSLF

Maximum proximodistal length of scaphoid lunate facet

−0.693

−0.129

Variance explained

  

65.12%

16.32%

  1. Variables with the highest positive and negative loadings are highlighted in bold. *Note that the os centrale is fused to the scaphoid in Pan, Gorilla, humans and fossil hominins and thus measurements such as the maximum height of the scaphoid body (HSB) and height of the scaphoid’s lunate facet (HSLF) are not necessarily developmentally or morphologically homologous across our primate sample (i.e., the fused os centrale is included in the measurement for these taxa, but not for the other primates in the sample).