Figure 1

Adaptation and experimental evolution of hermaphrodite fitness components. Experimental evolution of population-wide fitness (panel A), hermaphrodite mating success (B), hermaphrodite outcross-fitness (C) and hermaphrodite self-fitness (D). See Additional file 1: Figure S1, for experimental evolution of outcrossing rates and male fitness, previously reported in ref. [41]. Circles indicate the observed mean values and bars one standard error among the six replicate populations. See Additional file 1 - Supplementary Figure S2 for the observed trajectories of each replicate population. Black straight lines indicate the trend of significant evolutionary responses, and grey straight lines non-significant trends (see text for statistical details).