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Table 1 Comparison of recent studiesa that identify the sister lineages of angiosperms.

From: Long branch attraction, taxon sampling, and the earliest angiosperms: Amborella or monocots?

Study reference

No. of genes (genomesb)

No. of angiosperms

No. of nucleotides

Amborella sister to the rest of angiospermsc

Basal vs. core angiospermsc

Monophyly of monocotsc

[4]

5 (c, m, n)

97

8,733

+

90

+

97

+

99/98

[3]

5 (c, m, n)

45

6,564

+

94d

+

99d

+

98d

[6]

3 (c, n)

553

4,733

+

65e

+

71e

+

95e

[1]

2 (n)

26

2,208

+

92/83f

+

86

+

100

[2]

2 (n)

52

2,606

+

88/57f

+

68

+

87

[8]

6 (c, m, n)

33

8,911

-

n/ag

+

99

+

100

[9]

17 (c)

18

14,244

+

69

+

94

+

53

[11]

1 (c)

38

4,707

+

99

+

100

+

100

[14]

1 (c)

361

1,749

+

86

+

89

+

99

  1. aNot included are several other studies also supportive of Amborella-sister, but which are largely duplicative of the above [5, 7, 31], or whose structure does not match sufficiently with the structure of this table [10, 12, 13], or which have extremely limited sampling (6 taxa) within angiosperms [15].
  2. bc = chloroplast; m = mitochondrial; n = nuclear
  3. cIndicated relationship recovered (+) or not recovered (-); parsimony BS values shown unless otherwise specified. See Fig. 1 for definition of indicated relationships.
  4. dOnly BS values derived from ML analysis are shown.
  5. eJackknife support values.
  6. fBootstrap values were inferred from separate phyA and phyC treatments; other BS values in this study were derived from concatenated phyA and phyC sequences.
  7. gn/a – not applicable. This study found Amborella+Nymphaea as sister to all other angiosperms (see Discussion).