A survey of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer substitution rates across angiosperms: an approximate molecular clock with life history effects

Table 1 Independently calibrated nrITS substitution rates sorted by magnitude of rate.

Taxon	Family	Life History^a	Clock Test	Calibration Type^b	Calibration Date (ma)	Rate^d	Reference
Hamamelis	Hamamelidaceae	W	NA	G	8.5	0.38	[48]
Winteraceae	Winteraceae	W	NA	G	65^c	0.45^e	[27]
Nothofagus	Nothofagaceae	W	NA	F	83	0.50	[49]
Salicaceae	Salicaceae	W	NA	F	50^c	0.60	[50]
Aralia s ect. Dimorphanthus	Araliaceae	W	NA	G	12	1.07	[51]
Echium	Boraginaceae	W	Passed	G	20	1.10	[52]
Alnus	Betulaceae	W	Rejected	F	70	1.10	[53]
Empetraceae	Empetraceae	W	Passed	F	37	1.44	[54]
Saxifraga	Saxifragaceae	H	NA	NA	5.5^c	1.72	[55]
Aesculus	Hippocastanaceae	W	Passed	F	65	1.72	[56]
Gaertnera	Rubiaceae	W	Passed	F	54	1.99	[11]
Ormocarpum	Fabaceae	W	Rejected	G	35	2.00	[57]
Inga	Fabaceae	W	Rejected	G	3.5	2.34	[10]
Phylica	Rhamnaceae	W	Rejected	G	2	2.44	[58]
Adansonia	Bombacaceae	W	Passed	F	47^c	2.48	[59]
Eupatorium	Asteraceae	H	Passed	M (ndh F)	14.8	2.51	[60]
Tarweeds/Hawaiian silverswords	Asteraceae	W	Passed	C	15	3.00	[61]
Robinioid legumes	Fabaceae	W	Rejected	F	39.4^c	3.30	[62]
Lupinus	Fabaceae	H	NA	F	60	3.46^e	[63]
Astragalus	Fabaceae	H	NA	F	35	3.50	[64]
Cucurbitoideae	Cucurbitaceae	H	NA	F	40	3.62	[65]
Ehrharta	Poaceae	H	Rejected	M (rbc L) & F	41	3.81	[66]
Plantago	Plantaginaceae	H	Rejected	G	0.6	4.27	[71]
Gentianella	Gentianaceae	H	Passed	G & F	3	4.52	[67]
Dendroseris	Asteraceae	W	Passed	G & M (cpDNA)	3.3^c	5.00	[28]
Gossypium	Malvaceae	H	NA	F & M (cpDNA)	8.5^c	5.50^e	[68]
Robinsonia	Asteraceae	W	Passed	G	4	7.83	[69]
Soldanella	Primulaceae	H	Passed	F	23.3	8.34	[70]
Gentiana sect. Ciminalis	Gentianaceae	H	Passed	G	0.1	19.00	[25]

^aW = woody, H = herbaceous.
^bG = geographic vicariance; F = fossil; M = molecular clock from a different locus, followed by an identifier for that locus in parentheses; C = climatic.
^cCalibration age and associated substitution rate are averages of two reported ages.
^dsubstitutions/site/year × 10^-9.
^eSubstitution rate is a weighted average of ITS1 and ITS2 rates reported separately.

ISSN: 2730-7182