Figure 4

Effect of aggregation parameters on fitness criteria. Effect of varying the aggregation parameters of winged aphids on their target leaves (a, f _at ) and the parameter limiting the flying distance (d) on the maximum number of aphids observed in the greenhouse (n _max , solid lines) and the production of propagules (n _prop , doted lines). Arrows indicate the experimentally observed values of the aggregation parameters. Half error bars represent the standard deviation obtained from the 10 simulations of each point.