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Table 2 Probabilities of association between sociality (selecting the highest social state for polymorphic species) and tonal sound complexity. Significant positive associations at p-values > 0.972 and 0.973** for two and four state complexity characters, respectively and significant negative associations at p-values < 0.028 and 0.027* for two and four state complexity characters, respectively

From: Phylogenetic review of tonal sound production in whales in relation to sociality

TONAL SOUND COMPLEXITY [TWO & FOUR STATE CHARACTER]

SOCIAL STRUCTURE [FOUR STATE CHARACTER]

0

1

2

3

0 (≤ 1 mean inflection point) D-statistic

0.0821

0.0536

-0.0424

-0.0047

p-value

0.798

0.728

p < 0.0001*

0.003*

1 (≤ 1 mean inflection point) D-statistic

-0.0440

0.00045

0.113

0.0360

p-value

p < 0.0001*

0.90

0.99**

0.99**

0 (0–1) D-statistic

0.084

-0.00029

-0.0338

0.009

p-value

0.93

0.055

0.002*

0.88

1 (1.1–2) D-statistic

-0.038

0.027

0.0781

0.022

p-value

0.002*

0.91

0.92

0.92

2 (2.1–3) D-statistic

-0.003

0.0121

0.0198

-0.0033

p-value

0.018*

0.89

0.91

0.014*

3 (>3.1) D-statistic

-0.0046

0.0151

0.0065

0.0023

p-value

0.012*

0.90

0.86

0.84

  1. *Significant negative associations **Significant positive associations
  2. D = 0.362 p < 0.0001, np-value = 1465, nD = 2000 Social Structure and Tonal Sound Complexity (4-state)
  3. D = 0.376 p < 0.0001 np-value = 343, nD = 2000 Social Structure and Tonal Sound Complexity (2-state)