Genetic variation in Northern Thailand Hill Tribes: origins and relationships with social structure and linguistic differences

Table 3 Migration rates estimated by MIGRATE

	mtDNA	Y-Chrom
1. Between two populations belonging to the same Sino-Tibetan matrilocal tribe	2.4	4.1
2. Between two populations belonging to different Sino-Tibetan matrilocal tribes	6.1	4.2
Average	4.25 (0.98)	4.05 (0.45)
3. Between two populations belonging to the same Sino-Tibetan patrilocal tribe	19.0	2.2
4. Between two populations belonging to different Sino-Tibetan patrilocal tribes	8.2	0.7
5. Between two populations belonging to different Hmong-Mien patrilocal tribes	14.2	2.4
Average	13.80 (1.52)	1.76 (0.23)

Estimates of the rate of gene flow (θ = N_em,) obtained in different population comparisons. Comparisons 1–2 refer to matrilocal tribes, from the same (1: White Karen vs. Red Karen) or different (2: pooled Karen vs. Lahu) ethnic groups. Comparisons 3–5 refer to patrilocal tribes, from the same (3: average between Akha vs. Akha and Lisu vs. Lisu) or different (4: pooled Akha vs. pooled Lisu) ethnic groups within the Sino-Tibetan linguistic family, and from different ethic groups within the Hmong-Mien linguistic family (5: Hmong vs. Iu Mien). Standard errors based on different runs and different pairwise estimates within the same group of comparisons are reported in parentheses.

ISSN: 2730-7182