Table 3 Mean ± SE and estimates for inbreeding depression (d) for eight vegetative and reproductive traits in selfed and outcrossed progeny in the sprayed treatment under field conditions. The estimates of inbreeding depression δ were calculated as 1 minus the proportion of mean values from selfed progeny to the mean values from the outcrossed progeny. Since measures of herbivory are inversely related to fitness (i.e., higher herbivory levels reflect lower fitness), we estimated inbreeding depression for herbivore resistance as 1-[(1-h _s )/(1-h _x )], where h _s is the mean level of herbivory for the selfed progeny and h _x is the mean herbivory level measured on the outcrossed progeny (see Methods).

From: Inbreeding depression in Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae), a species with a plastic self-incompatibility response