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Table 5 Estimated dates derived from the r8s molecular dating analyses, along with standard deviations of the node ages derived from Penalized Likelihood bootstrap analyses.

From: Evolutionary history of the fish genus Astyanax Baird & Girard (1854) (Actinopterygii, Characidae) in Mesoamerica reveals multiple morphological homoplasies

  

Estimated ages

Node

Calibration point

Strict Molecular Clock

Relaxed Molecular Clock NPRS with r8s Mya

  

0.8%/Mya

1.05%/Mya

95% of confidence

1

Merida-Perija Mountains 8–12 Mya

24.6 ML (18 – 23)

32.3 ML (23.7–42.8)

15

 

Colossoma macropomum 15 Mya

11 p (9.8 – 12.4)

14.6 p (12.8–16.3)

 

2

Mesoamerica Colonization

7.7 ML (6.36–9.32)

10.05 ML (8.35–12.23)

7.9 SD 0.165 (7.8–8.1)

  

5.5 p (4.9–6.4)

7.3 p (6.4–8.5)

 

3

Motagua-Polochic fault

4.6 ML (2.9–7.9)

6 ML (3.8–10)

7.1* SD 0.34 (6.0–7.8)

  

3.7 p (2.5–5.7)

4.9 p (3.3–7.5)

 

4

Radiation in North Mesoamerica Lineages

3.8 ML (2–6.2)

4.83 ML (2.7–8.2)

6.7* SD 0.37 (5.7–7.5)

  

3.1 p (1.9–4.8)

4.1 p (2.5–6.3)

 

5

Central America Radiation

3.7 ML (2–6.2)

5 ML(0.2–7.42)

6.9* SD 0.39 (5.9–7.7)

  

3.1 p (1.9–4.8)

4.2 p (0.2–5.5)

 

6

TMVB 3–6 Mya

3.6 ML (2.3–5.4)

4.7 ML (3.1–7)

5.25* SD 0.37 (4.4–6.2)

  

3.07 p (2.2–4.3)

4.03 p (2.8–5.7)

 
  1. The fixed ages are shown in Bold. P = Uncorrected distances ML = K81uf distances. Minimum and maximum values are given in parenthesis. Asterisks identify values with a normal distribution p ≤ 0.05.