Table 3 Estimated branch lengths and substitution rate differences (Rate Δ) for comparisons between the annual Arabidopsis thaliana and the two perennials Arabidopsis lyrata subspecies lyrata and Arabidopsis lyrata subspecies petraea using five nuclear loci (ITS1, ITS2, Chs, Adh, PgiC), two chloroplast regions (rbcL and matK) and Crucihimalaya himalaica as the outgroup.

A. thaliana

0.0399

0.0316

0.0382

0.0047

0.0121

0.0278

0.048

0.064

A. lyrata

0.0359

0.0316

0.0329

0.0015

0.0078

0.0227

0.033

0.046

Rate Δ

+1.11

1

+1.16

+3.13

+1.55

+1.22

+1.45

+1.39

A. thaliana

0.0392

0.0355

0.0395

0.0047

0.0113

0.0303

0.049

0.062

A. petraea

0.0527

0.0284

0.0418

0.0007*

0.0079

0.0253

0.035

0.046

Rate Δ

-1.34

+1.25

-1.06

+6.7

+1.43

+1.2

+1.4

+1.35

A. thaliana

0.0399

0.0355

0.0403

A. petraea ^a

0.0354

0.0284

0.0311

Rate Δ

+1.13

+1.25

+1.3