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Figure 5 | BMC Evolutionary Biology

Figure 5

From: Plant chemical defence: a partner control mechanism stabilising plant - seed-eating pollinator mutualisms

Figure 5

Disentangling cause and effect. Statistical and causal relationships at play in the system. A. The total number of seeds eaten is simultaneously cause and effect of adonivernith concentration. B. The number of damaged carpels is the cause of the induction of defence, while the number of seeds eaten per damaged carpel is the effect of defence. Dotted line: statistical relationship. Arrow: causal relationship.

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