Intrasexual selection drives sensitivity to pitch, formants and duration in the competitive calls of fallow bucks

Table 2 Mean modifications of groans used in the playback experiment (mean ± s.d)

Parameter	Natural	Raised formants	Lowered formants	Lowered f _o	Shortened duration
f _o _mean (Hz)	29.3 ± 2.4	uc	uc	23.4 ± 2.4	uc
F ₄ _min (Hz)	1049.3 ± 67.6	1118.0 ± 53.5	1000.8 ± 65.6	uc	uc
VTL (cm)¹	52.9 ± 3.3	49.0 ± 3.3	57.3 ± 3.9	uc	uc
Duration (ms)	370 ± 66	uc	uc	uc	320 ± 57

¹ The apparent maximum vocal tract length (VTL) was estimated using the equation \( VTL=\frac{c}{2\varDelta F} \) where c = the approximate speed of sound in a mammal vocal tract (350m/s) and ΔF is the minimum formant spacing [21, 62, 63]
uc unchanged parameter

ISSN: 2730-7182