Model | Formula | Prob | Underlying biological hypotheses |
---|---|---|---|
m01 | Elev | 0.03 | Flightlessness in insects has been reported to increase with altitude [47, 127]. |
 |  |  | Elevation influences a wide range of ecological factors and may account for their joint effects. |
 |  |  | Atmospheric pressure is lower at higher altitude and efficient flight may require costly adaptations [128]. |
m02 | Temp | 0.02 | Insects will experience a decrease in annual thermal budget for growth and development. Critical temperature thresholds for growth, development and activity will be exceeded less frequently [128]. |
m03 | Seas | 0.02 | Temperature seasonality, the variability in temperature over the year, is indicative a less stable environment. Flightless insects are known to be found in higher frequencies in more stable habitats [47]. |
m04 | Frag | 0.11 | Flying insects will have a tendency to be blown away from patchy habitats, thus only wingless forms remain [46, 47]. The probability of finding a suitable habitat is decreased when habitats are patchy, thus dispersal risk is increased [129]. |
m05 | Prod | 0.17 | The need for dispersal in high productivity habitats is reduced because the conditions for survival are met and the relative risk of long distance dispersal becomes too high [130] |
m06 | Frag + Elev | 0.56 | Both fragmentation and elevation influence the distribution of wingless queens. |
m07 | Frag + Elev + Frag x Elev | 0.03 | The effect of fragmentation depends on elevation: fragmentation may only be affecting the distribution of wingless queens at certain altitudes. |
m08 | Frag + Temp | 0.03 | Both fragmentation and temperature may influence the distribution of wingless queens. |
m09 | Frag + Temp + Frag x Temp | 0.00 | The effect of fragmentation depends on temperature: fragmentation may only be affecting the distribution of wingless queens at certaine temperature. Habitat fragmentation and temperature are know to be potentially interrelated [131]. |
m10 | Frag + Prod | 0.02 | Both fragmentation and productivity can influence the distribution of wingless queens. |
m11 | Frag + Prod + Frag x Prod | 0.00 | Habitat fragmentation can affect productivity. Fragmentation may affect wingless queen distribution in habitats with a certain productivity level only. Habitat fragmentation and biomass growth are know to be potentially interrelated [131]. |
m12 | Elev + Temp + Prod + Frag + Seas | 0.00 | Structure-rich model, including the effects of elevation, temperature, productivity, fragmentation and seasonality. Interactions were omitted. |