Fig. 4

Growth rates of site-directed mutants with ethanol stress. All mutations identified in strain F were introduced back to the parent strain. For each mutant, the names of the mutated genes are shown. Among the mutations identified in strain F, the mutations for cspC and miaB correspond to IS insertion and 88 bp deletion, respectively, while other mutations were SNPs. Error bars indicate standard deviations calculated from three independent cultures. Different asterisks (*) indicate significant differences (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001), which were determined by Dunnett’s test compared with parent strain