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Fig. 3 | BMC Evolutionary Biology

Fig. 3

From: The serotonin-lir nervous system of the Bryozoa (Lophotrochozoa): a general pattern in the Gymnolaemata and implications for lophophore evolution of the phylum

Fig. 3

Deviations from the ‘common’ serotonin-lir nervous system found in the Gymnolaemata. a & b Bicellariella ciliata a Overview of the sertonin-lir nervous system with serotonin-lir abfrontal nerves and an additional serotonin-lir nerve ring at the esophagus-cardia border. Maximum intensity projection. b Detail of the tentacle tips in B. ciliata showing the sensory tips in the tentacles connected to the abfrontal nerve. Maximum intensity projection. c Volume rendering of the serotonin-lir nervous system of the ctenostome Flustrellidra hispida. In this species the abfrontal nerves show a faint staining and an additional nerve in the tentacle sheath is present. The arrows point to the ‘serotonergic gap’. Asterisks mark the three oral serotonin-lir perikarya. d The serotonin-lir nervous system of Cribrilina annulata shows the medio-visceral nerve and an additional serotonin-lir nerve ring at the esophagus-cardia border. From this ring 6 protruding, dent-like cells are distinguishable. e & f Cellaria fistulosa. e Volume rendering of the serotonin-lir nervous system of several zooids with musculature stained with phalloidin. The arrows point to the ‘serotonergic gap’. Asterisks mark the three oral serotonin-lir perikarya. f Detail of the serotonin-like immunoreactivity at the pore complexes showing distinct signal in the special cells. Abbreviations: abn – abfrontal nerve, ca – cardia, cg – cerebral ganglion, con – circum-oral nerve, ecr – nerve ring at the esophagus-cardia transition, mvn – mediovisceral nerve, pc – pore complex, ph-e – pharynx-esophagus, rm – retractor muscle, sp – serotonin-lir perikarya, spc – special cells, t – tentacle, tsr – tentacle sheath nerve ring

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