Fig. 1

a. Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian method based on five gene regions (mitochondrial 12S, 16S rRNA, COI, nuclear 18S rRNA, Histone 3). b–d, Three acanthosomatine females guarding their egg batches or nymph clusters. a, topologies resulting from Bayesian and ML methods are identical. Numbers associated with each branch indicate ML bootstrap/Bayesian posterior probabilities, values below 50 % marked with asterisk; clades in red indicate presence of maternal care. b, female of Elasmucha bovilla guarding her first instar nymphs. c, egg-guarding female of Acanthosoma firmatum. d, egg-guarding female of Sastragala esakii