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Fig. 1 | BMC Evolutionary Biology

Fig. 1

From: Models for gene duplication when dosage balance works as a transition state to subsequent neo- or sub-functionalization

Fig. 1

Examples of composite hazard shapes. a Composite hazard created by mixing dosage balance and neofunctionalization dynamics. The black is determined by the parameter values b = −35, c = .5, f = 0.001, b’ = 2, c’ = 0.5, d’ = 5, f’ = 0.5, each colored line shows a deviation in a single parameter value. b = −40 (red), c = 0.65 (blue), f = 0.0001 (green), b’ = 12 (purple), c’ = 0.25 (maroon), d’ = 5.5 (forest green), f’ = 0 (navy blue). Arrows in the legend indicate if the change in parameter value is an increase or decrease compared to the initial values represented by the black line. b Composite hazard created by mixing dosage balance and subfunctionalization dynamics. The black is determined by the parameter values b = −15, c = 0.5, f = 0.01, b’ = 50, c’ = 2, d’ = 5, f’ = 0, each colored line shows a deviation in a single parameter value. b = −10 (red), c = 0.45 (blue), f = 0.1 (green), b’ = 40 (purple), c’ = 2.25 (maroon), d’ = 4.5 (forest green), f’ = 0.5 (navy blue). Arrows in the legend indicate if the change in parameter value is an increase or decrease compared to the initial values represented by the black line. The illustrative deviations in parameter values were chosen to be consistent relative to the initial values to visually demonstrate the scale of influence that each parameter has on the curve shape. In summary, b, c, and f are the parameters of the dosage Weibull distribution, where b is the scale parameter, c is the shape parameter, and f is the overall scalar of the transition. For the neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization components, b’ is the scale parameter, c’ is the shape parameter, d’ + f’ determine the initial hazard when dosage transitions to decay, and d’ reflects the hazard rate for non-redundant genes as an asymptote. The dosage parameters (b, c, and f) characterize the initial increase in the hazard whereas the prime parameters (b’, c’, d’, and f’) reflect the decay process as genes are either lost or differentially functionalized

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