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Table 2 Candidate residues for spectral shifting between paralogous UVS opsin copies e.g., UVS1 vs. UVS2) based on combined evidence

From: A cure for the blues: opsin duplication and subfunctionalization for short-wavelength sensitivity in jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Gene

Site

Location

Positive branch-site selection in Buprestidae (this study)

Branch label (see Fig. X)

UVS1 residue

UVS2 residue

Structural significance of substitution (this study)

Positive selection in other organisms at homologous sites (previous studies)

Wavelength shifts in other organisms at homologous sites (previous studies)

UV

12

EL

Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2

UV-F

V

P

imposed backbone rigidity

Lepidoptera: Heliconius UV A37E [28]

-

105

EL

Buprestidae UVS1

UV-C

T

T/L

gain of polarity (T–L)

Lepidoptera: Heliconius UV T121I [28]

-

Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2

UV-F

A

L

increase in size

107

EL

Buprestidae UVS2

UV-D

H

F/M/Y

loss of positive charge (to polar or neutral), increase in size (H–Y)

Lepidoptera: Heliconius UV A123S/T [28]

-

118

CBP, TM3

-

-

T/S

T

most likely insignificant

Coleoptera: Photinus UVS S133 [43]

Lepidoptera: Pieris rapae SWS S116A (13 nm hypsochromic shift) [11]

125

TM3

Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2

UV-F

G

S

gain of polarity, increase in size

-

Vertebrates: Rh1 125 (-5 nm to +8 nm shifts) [75]

137

CL

Buprestidae UVS2

UV-D

T

H

gain of positive charge (from polar), increase in size

-

Mammals: Rhodopsin V137M (retinitis pigmentosa) [76]

172

TM4

Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2

UV-F

F

Y

gain of polarity

-

Lepidoptera: LWS L145M/F/I (blue shifts) [78]

186

CBP, EL

Buprestidae UVS2

UV-D

A

Q

gain of polarity, increase in size

Lepidoptera: Heliconius UVS S202A [28]

-

188

CBP, EL

Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2

UV-F

S

G

loss of polarity, decrease in size

Lepidoptera: Heliconius UVS T204S [28]

-

207

CBP, TM5

Buprestidae UVS2

UV-D

I

L

most likely insignificant

-

Vertebrates: SWS L207M/I (6 nm shift plus additive effects) [82, 83]

242a

CL

Buprestidae UVS2

UV-D

A

Q

gain of polarity, increase in size

Coleoptera: Photinus UVS A268 [43]

-

T/S

Q

change in polarity, increase in size

261

CBP, TM6

-

-

F/Y

F

loss of polarity (Y–F)

-

Human: Y277F (red/green pigment variation) [81]; Vertebrates: SWS T261F (5 nm blue shift) [82]

272

TM6

Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2

UV-F

S

C

gain of potential for disulfide bonding

Coleoptera: Photinus UVS S299 [43]

-

293

TM7

Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2

UV-F

C

L

loss of polarity and potential for disulfide bonding

Lepidoptera: Heliconius UVS V321I [28]

Human: Y309F (red/green pigment variation) [81]

294

TM7

Buprestidae UVS1

UV-C

F

T/A

loss of polarity (F–T), increase in size

Coleoptera: Photinus UVS T321 [43]

-

Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2

UV-F

C

F

increase in size, loss of polarity and potential for disulfide bonding

  1. agap between bovine reside 242 & 243, original residue A267 in Acmaeodera diffusa UVS1Residues provided are for the lineage in which positive selection occurs. Sites numbered according to bovine in column two; sites numbered according to original study in columns 9–10. CBP: chromophore binding pocket; CL: cytoplasmic loop; EL: extracellular loop; TM: transmembrane helix