Table 1 Results of linear mixed models analyses of (co)variance for the offspring generation (G2)

Weight

Estimates (SE)

Numdf, Dendf

F

P

Parental env. (E1)

−0.0020 (0.0008)

1, 34.31

6.95

0.0125*

Offspring env. (E2)

−0.0014 (0.0004)

1, 336.73

15.02

0.0001*

E1 x E2

0.0007 (0.0004)

1, 336.73

3.38

0.0667

Random effect

Var

SE

Z

P

Family

0.0000169

0.00000536

3.12

0.0008*

Shell thickness

Estimates (SE)

Numdf, Dendf

F

P

Weight (W)

0.0333 (0.0034)

1, 340.63

98.21

<0.0001*

Parental env. (E1)

0.0053 (0.0023)

1, 37.49

5.24

0.0278*

Offspring env. (E2)

0.0204 (0.0017)

1, 343.66

149.82

<0.0001*

E1 x E2

−0.0035 (0.0016)

1, 341.77

4.39

0.0368*

Random effect

Var

SE

Z

P

Family

0.0000955

0.0000461

2.07

0.019*

Shell length

Estimates (SE)

Numdf, Dendf

F

P

Weight (W)

1.7214 (0.0206)

1, 352.56

6999.59

<0.0001*

Parental env. (E1)

−0.0311 (0.0161)

1, 37.23

3.72

0.0613

Offspring env. (E2)

−0.0299 (0.0104)

1, 341.09

8.27

0.0043*

W x E1

−0.0572 (0.0206)

1, 352.56

7.74

0.0057*

W x E2

−0.0604 (0.0194)

1, 360.90

9.65

0.0020*

E1 x E2

0.0035 (0.0104)

1, 341.09

0.11

0.7347

W x E1 X E2

0.0336 (0.0194)

1, 360.90

2.99

0.0845

Random effect

Var

SE

Z

P

Family

0.00553

0.002214

2.50

0.0062*

Shell width

Estimates (SE)

Numdf, Dendf

F

P

Weight (W)

0.9254 (0.0121)

1, 347.72

5867.74

<0.0001*

Parental env. (E1)

−0.0150 (0.0090)

1, 34.82

2.76

0.1054

Offspring env. (E2)

−0.0254 (0.0059)

1, 340.22

18.02

<0.0001*

W x E1

0.0136 (0.0061)

1, 341.69

4.91

0.0274*

W x E2

−0.0226 (0.0120)

1, 349.57

3.56

0.0600

E1 x E2

−0.0438 (0.0114)

1, 362.95

14.64

0.0002*

Random effect

Var

SE

Z

P

Family

0.0016328

0.0007181

2.27

0.0114*

Ratio shell length / width

Estimates (SE)

Numdf, Dendf

F

P

Parental env. (E1)

−0.0034 (0.0058)

1, 32.95

0.34

0.5635

Offspring env. (E2)

0.0024 (0.0040)

1, 339.80

0.35

0.5563

E1 x E2

−0.0087 (0.0040)

1, 339.80

4.66

0.0316*

Random effect

Var

SE

Z

P

Family

0.0006571

0.0003111

2.11

0.0173*