Fig. 5

Disparity analysis of total-group Onychophora and lobopodian taxa (19 taxa, 39 characters; see Additional file 10 for a description of the procedure). Colours correspond to clades as retrieved by phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 3). a PCoA (morphospace) of the first three dimensions. b neighbour-joining analysis of the dissimilarity matrix. Duplicated taxa have been removed and branch lengths averaged. c axes 1 and 2 of the hypervolume plot of the first four PCoA. Coloured clusters (see (a)) represent uniformly random points sampled from a kernel density estimate of the observed data (black dots). Group centroids are represented by large circles . Contour lines are drawn based on a five percent quantile threshold of projected data using a two-dimensional kernel density estimator (kde2d, R package MASS).  Grey contour line and dots represent the total data. d Violin plots of the jackknifed sums of ranges for the three clades of interest. Observed values are represented by black squares. e hypervolume as calculated from (c) for each clade