Fig. 2

a Phylogenetic relationships among the species included in the study (see Aduse-Poku et al. [31]). b Correlations among life history traits within each species. Correlations in males are shown in cells in the lower left off-diagonal and correlations in females are given in the upper right off-diagonal. Positive correlations are denoted in blue and negative relationships in red. Non-significant correlations (P > 0.05) are indicated with an ‘X’. Abbreviations: total development time (DT), larval development time (LDT), pupal development time (PDT), growth rate (GR), pupal weight (PW), total wing area (WA), dry mass (DM), relative fat content (FC) and relative allocation of adult body mass to the abdomen (RA). c Correlations among wing pattern elements and development time within each species. The ventral eyespots (1,2,4), ventral bands (3,5) and dorsal eyespot (7) are numbered as in Fig. 1. d Climatic data from the locations in which the species were collected. Temperature (lines) and rainfall (bars) represent the average of the monthly mean for a period of 103 years