Skip to main content

Table 1 Age estimates (in ka) of the clades mentioned in the text. Node ages for haplogroup U2 were estimated in an independent analysis

From: A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals

Clade

ML

ρ whole mtDNA

ρ synonymous clock

N

67.7 [58.4–77.1]

63.5 [51.7–75.7]

71.5 [51.3–91.8]

R

64.5 [55.9–73.2]

57.0 [48.6–65.5]

63.5 [49.1–77.8]

R7

62.2 [52.9–71.7]

62.0 [43.0–81.6]

76.0 [42.2–109.8]

R8b1

12.0 [7.0–17.1]

11.1 [5.8–16.5]

5.1 [2.1–8.1]

R30

60.9 [49.6–72.5]

53.0 [40.6–65.8]

61.5 [40.5–82.6]

R30c + 373

8.6 [0.0–48.1]

9.0 [3.5–14.6]

6.3 [0.5–12.1]

R31

62.5 [53.0–72.1]

70.8 [50.4–92.0]

75.2 [43.3–107.1]

M

50.1 [44.8–55.5]

41.2 [37.0–45.4]

41.3 [34.6–48.0]

M2

43.2 [34.7–52.0]

51.2 [35.8–67.3]

44.5 [23.2–65.8]

M2a1a1b

22.0 [0.0–6.0]

3.3 [0.0–7.7]

3.4 [0.0–10.0]

M2a1b

0.7 [0.0–2.5]

0.6 [0.0–1.5]

1.0 [0.0–2.9]

M2a3a + 4314

0.9 [0.0–2.8]

0.9 [0.0–2.5]

M2c + 1888 + 146

2.5 [0.0–19.9]

3.5 [0.0–8.4]

10.5 [0.0–25.1]

M3a1 + 204 + 14476

1.2 [0.0–2.7]

1.0 [0.0–2.0]

2.4 [0.0–5.0]

M3a1 + 204 + 10845 + 13105

0.9 [0.0–3.3]

0.9 [0.0–2.6]

0.0

M3b

1.8 [0.0–4.5]

2.2 [0.0–5.7]

5.5 [0.0–15.6]

M4’67

38.0 [30.1–46.0]

27.8 [23.4–32.3]

22.7 [18.3–27.0]

M5a1b1a1 (M5a1b + 3954 + 9833 + 16298)

3.0 [1.0–5.0]

2.7 [1.4–4.1]

2.3 [0.0–4.7]

M5a2a + 8158 + 199

1.9 [0.7–3.2]

1.8 [0.7–2.8]

3.0 [0.6–5.3]

M5a2a2 + 234

1.5 [0.0–4.2]

1.4 [0.2–2.7]

2.6 [0.0–5.6]

M5a3a

0.7 [0.0–3.3]

M5a3b

1.6 [0.0–3.5]

1.5 [0.1–3.0]

1.6 [0.0–3.8]

M5b

33.0 [23.6–42.9]

30.7 [20.9–40.9]

36.9 [17.7–56.2]

M5c

35.2 [24.2–46.6]

41.5 [28.2–55.3]

49.3 [25.0–73.6]

M6

35.6 [25.9–45.7]

37.9 [23.4–53.2]

48.7 [19.6–77.9]

M6a1 + 5585 + 146 + 1508

1.3 [0.0–3.2]

1.1 [0.0–2.3]

0.9 [0.0–2.6]

M6a1a

11.4 [4.0–19.2]

10.6 [6.6–14.7]

10.3 [4.9–15.8]

M13b

32.8 [21.5–44.5]

30.7 [17.1–45.2]

33.8 [12.2–55.4]

M18a

9.2 [6.0–12.4]

8.1 [5.6–10.5]

6.0 [2.1–10.0]

M30a2

2.3 [0.0–8.5]

1.9 [0.0–4.8]

M30d

11.4 [4.6–18.5]

9.2 [4.1–14.3]

10.0 [2.8–17.2]

M31

38.0 [27.9–48.4]

38.4 [25.9–51.4]

43.6 [20.6–66.7]

M32’56

42.4 [25.8–60.0]

33.0 [16.7–50.4]

14.5 [0.5–28.4]

M33a

35.2 [24.5–46.3]

29.1 [21.2–37.2]

32.3 [19.3–45.3]

M34

29.7 [19.4–40.4]

28.1 [17.6–39.1]

39.4 [17.9–60.9]

M35

40.1 [25.4–55.5]

26.9 [18.5–35.6]

26.4 [15.5–37.3]

M36

36.4 [25.8–47.4]

26.9 [16.2–38.2]

30.6 [11.6–49.6]

M38

29.4 [20.4–38.7]

32.5 [23.6–41.7]

33.8 [19.4–48.2]

M39

36.8 [27.3–46.6]

23.7 [15.3–32.5]

21.2 [9.1–33.2]

M42b

42.5 [33.8–51.4]

43.5 [27.1–60.8]

49.7 [22.4–77.1]

M45

30.6 [19.0–42.8]

30.7 [18.5–43.6]

33.8 [14.1–53.5]

M49

31.0 [21.2–41.2]

26.3 [18.1–34.8]

25.6 [13.6–37.5]

M50

43.3 [30.6–56.6]

47.4 [32.3–63.3]

52.0 [26.4–77.7]

M52

33.4 [23.4–43.9]

31.0 [22.1–40.2]

33.4 [19.0–47.9]

M57

32.4 [18.2–47.3]

28.8 [19.0–38.9]

24.5 [11.5–37.6]

M60

36.5 [23.3–50.4]

24.8 [15.8–34.2]

21.0 [8.9–33.2]

M61

24.6 [13.6–36.2]

11.8 [6.0–17.8]

12.4 [1.4–23.4]

M61 + 5294

1.6 [0.0–5.1]

1.9 [0.0–4.8]

2.0 [0.0–5.8]

M63

1.4 [0.0–3.8]

1.3 [0.0–2.8]

1.3 [0.0–3.9]

M65

29.3 [14.7–44.8]

20.6 [12.6–29.0]

21.3 [8.4–34.1]

N1a2

12.5 [2.9–22.6]

6.5 [2.1–11.2]

7.9 [0.2–15.6]

N1a1b1

20.9 [11.4–30.8]

19.0 [10.4–27.9]

22.1 [7.6–36.6]

H2b

6.2 [3.8–8.7]

5.2 [3.4–7.1]

4.8 [1.7–7.9]

H13a2a + 8952

6.6 [1.3–12.1]

7.2 [1.0–13.6]

2.0 [0.0–5.8]

H29 + 9156 + 4689

1.6 [0.0–4.7]

1.3 [0.0–3.8]

3.9 [0.0–11.7]

HV + 73

23.7 [17.1–30.4]

30.1 [19.6–41.0]

29.8 [12.1–47.5]

HV + 146

23.9 [10.3–38.4]

19.0 [8.8–29.8]

11.8 [0.0–25.2]

HV + 9716

19.6 [8.1–31.8]

13.4 [5.0–22.2]

3.9 [0.0–11.7]

HV + 16311

15.6 [9.9–21.5]

15.5 [7.6–23.8]

19.3 [3.4–35.1]

HV2

21.9 [15.1–28.9]

30.7 [17.9–44.2]

38.1 [12.2–64.0]

HV12b

13.3 [5.3–21.6]

12.6 [5.7–19.8]

5.6 [0.7–10.6]

HV14 + 150

6.9 [2.9–11.0]

6.7 [1.0–12.6]

11.4 [0.0–25.7]

I1

13.8 [8.5–19.2]

10.6 [6.3–15.0]

11.8 [4.1–19.6]

J1b1b1

13.9 [8.6–19.3]

12.6 [7.9–17.4]

12.4 [5.1–19.7]

J1d

24.1 [14.9–33.7]

16.2 [10.2–22.3]

17.3 [7.1–27.6]

K1a1b2a

10.4 [4.0–17.0]

12.0 [4.1–20.3]

7.9 [0.0–18.8]

K2a5

7.6 [3.6–11.7]

8.2 [3.9–12.6]

5.3 [1.1–9.5]

K2a5 + 2831

6.8 [2.9–10.7]

8.4 [3.5–13.5]

4.7 [0.0–10.1]

K2a5 + 2831 + 189

5.9 [2.1–9.8]

10.6 [3.2–18.4]

7.9 [0.0–18.8]

R0a2 + 11152

7.1 [1.1–13.3]

6.5 [0.8–12.5]

7.9 [0.0–18.8]

R2a + 7142

3.2 [0.0–6.9]

2.9 [0.0–5.9]

1.8 [0.0–4.2]

T2 + 195 + 4225

9.7 [2.9–16.8]

6.8 [2.3–11.5]

3.2 [0.0–7.5]

T2b

10.6 [5.3–16.0]

7.1 [3.6–10.8]

3.4 [0.0–7.2]

T2d1a

12.0 [5.0–19.3]

10.6 [4.5–16.9]

7.9 [0.0–16.8]

T2e2

10.6 [3.4–18.1]

12.0 [4.1–20.3]

11.8 [0.0–25.2]

U1a1

20.0 [14.4–25.7]

15.2 [10.4–20.1]

15.2 [6.2–24.3]

U1a1a2a

2.5 [0.0–7.3]

1.9 [0.0–4.8]

5.9 [0.0–14.6]

U1a3 + 10253

10.3 [4.6–16.2]

8.9 [4.6–13.3]

10.8 [2.9–18.8]

U1a3a

5.2 [0.0–11.0]

3.9 [0.0–8.4]

3.9 [0.0–11.7]

Pre-U1c

21.4 [9.1–34.5]

14.3 [6.7–22.2]

13.1 [1.6–24.7]

U2

52.3 [41.6–63.3]

53.8 [41.8–66.2]

54.1 [36.6–71.6]

U2b2

9.2 [6.3–12.2]

8.6 [6.1–11.1]

9.9 [5.3–14.4

U2c1 + 146

1.4 [0.0–24.8]

1.7 [0.0–5.1]

U7a

18.1 [14.4–22.0]

18.8 [14.5–23.2]

19.7 [11.5–27.9]

U7a + 12373

10.2 [3.0–17.6]

8.8 [2.8–15.0]

10.5 [0.0–23.1]

U7a3a + 6150

9.8 [4.4–15.4]

8.6 [3.5–13.8]

2.0 [0.0–5.8]

U7b + 16309!

10.9 [6.1–15.9]

8.6 [3.6–13.8]

8.4 [0.0–18.1]

W3a1 + 143

9.8 [3.0–16.8]

7.9 [1.5–14.5]

19.7 [2.4–37.0]

W3a1 + 1709

8.1 [1.6–15.0]

6.5 [0.8–12.5]

W3a1b

11.4 [6.3–16.6]

11.2 [6.1–16.3]

7.1 [1.1–13.1]

W4

15.8 [9.5–22.3]

15.5 [8.7–22.5]

11.8 [2.4–21.3]

W6

11.5 [5.0–18.3]

10.9 [5.7–16.3]

13.1 [6.5–19.8]

X2 + 153 + 7109

7.7 [0.0–17.0]

4.3 [0.0–9.0]

2.6 [0.0–7.8]