Fig. 3

Comparison of estimated node ages of the 19 major clades of Pinus across all applied dating approaches. a: Densities of effect sizes originate from a mixed-effect model and illustrate to what degree the estimated node ages differ among dating approaches (different colors; see legend) and among fossil sets (1. darker colors for the large, 2. brighter colors for the small fossil set; see legend). The 95% confidence intervals of effect sizes are illustrated with a line below the density curves. Non-overlap of these intervals indicates significant difference on node ages among all 19 nodes. b: Boxplots illustrate the estimated node ages across dating approaches and fossil sets for the major clades (a-s illustrated in Fig. 2). Whiskers span the 95% highest probability density (HPD), while boxes span the 50% HPD, with the median node age indicated by a vertical bar. The x-axis indicates the geological time in million years. Symbols represent average node ages as estimated in the following studies: Gernandt et al. [16] (filled circle), illustrating estimates resulting from two different calibration scenarios; Hao et al. [13] (filled upward triangles); Willyard et al. [15] (filled squares), illustrating the estimates based on both the chloroplast and the nuclear sequence data, but only presenting results of their 85 Ma calibration scenario as this was indicated to be more realistic; Hernandez-Leon et al. [18] (open upward triangle); He et al. [11] (open circles); Leslie et al. [47] (open squares); Geada Lopez [48] (crosses); Eckert and Hall. [14] (open downward triangle). The following abbreviations are used. FBD: fossilized birth-death method; ND: node dating method; l: analyses based on the large fossil set; s: analyses based on the small fossil set; n: narrow calibration priors in ND based on the geological age of the respective fossil; b: broad calibration priors in ND