Fig. 2

Testosterone concentrations (ng/ml) of African and European male stonechats during detailed breeding stages of the first brood. Especially in African stonechats, testosterone concentrations peaked during nest-building and were lowest when stonechats were feeding nestlings. Bars and error bars represent back-transformed posterior means and their 95% credible intervals. Dots represent data points of individuals from different populations. Populations were included as random intercepts in the models