Taxon (order-level or above) | Differences with NGW | Justification/Remarks |
---|---|---|
Teleostomi, Ginglymodi, Halecomorphi and Teleosteomorpha/Teleocephala | Not classified herein | Redundant with Osteichthyes, Amiiformes, Lepisosteiformes, and Teleostei, respectively, when only extant taxa are considered. |
Dipnotetrapodomorpha | Not classified by NGW | Only shown in one of NGW’s cladograms but not formally classified therein. |
Actinopteri | Not classified by NGW | Non-polypteriform actinopterygiians; a robust clade. |
Elopocephalai | Not classified by NGW | Not a major difference; it is redundant with Elopomorpha. |
Anguilliformes, Gadiformes | Classified into suborders in NGW but not herein | Phylogenetic incongruence with most subordinal classifications. |
Cypriniformes | Classified into suborders herein but not in NGW | Following [102]. |
Cetopsoidei | Not classified herein | The subordinal classification for Siluriformes follows [198]. |
Protacanthopterygii | Includes four orders herein and only two in NGW | Differences are in part due to phylogenetic uncertainty. We classify this taxon as sedis mutabilis. |
Zoroteleostei | Classified by NGW only | Circumscription of this taxon is in conflict with Protacanthopterygii. See comments in text. |
Osmeromorpha | Classified by NGW only | Circumscription of this taxon is incongruent with all recent higher-level phylogenetic analyses of fishes. See comments in text. |
Stomiati | Not classified by NGW | The circumscription of Stomiati herein is in conflict with NGW’s Osmeromorpha. See comments above and in text. |
Stomiiformes/Stomiatiformes | Spelling | |
Stomiatoidei/Phosichthyoidei | Phosichthyoidei sensu NGW; Stomiatoidei herein | Based on Stomiidae. |
Paracanthopterygii | Includes Polymixiiformes in NGW but not here | Polymixia has a rogue placement among early acanthomorphs. Our classification is robust to phylogenetic uncertainty. |
Zeiogadaria | Not classified by NGW | Denotes a robust clade including Zeiformes + (Stylephoriformes + Gadiformes); this taxon has been recognized before (i.e., Zeiogadiformes sensu [80]). |
Berycimorphaceae/Berycida | Berycida sensu NGW is similar to Berycimorphaceae as classified herein, but the former includes Holocentriformes | Holocentridae is sometimes recovered as the sister taxon of percomophs, which may render Berycida sensu NGW non-monophyletic. |
Anoplogastroidei | Not classified herein | Not monophyletic. |
Trachichthyoidei | Not classified herein | Not monophyletic. |
Holocentrimorphaceae | Not classified by NGW | Included in Berycida sensu NGW. See comments above. |
Pelagiaria | Not classified by NGW | A robust clade (series) including 17 families in the order Scombriformes, as classified herein. |
Scombriformes | Includes 17 families herein and only nine in NGW | Scombriformes sensu NGW is paraphyletic considering all higher-level molecular phylogenies of percomorphs. |
Scombroidei and Stromateoidei | Not classified herein | Interfamilial resolution in Scombriformes is tenuous; classification of scombriform families into suborders requires further work. |
Icosteiformes | Not classified herein | Icosteidae, the sole family in this order, is part of Pelagiaria (Scombriformes) herein. |
Scombrolabraciformes | Not classified herein | Scombrolabracidae, the sole family in this order, is part of Pelagiaria (Scombriformes) herein. |
Trachiniformes | Not classified herein (similar to Uranoscopiformes) | Trachiniformes sensu NGW is polyphyletic. It includes families placed in Pelagiaria and Eupercaria. |
Syngnatharia | Not classified by NGW | A robust clade (series) including 10 families in the order Syngnathiformes, as classified herein. |
Syngnathiformes | Includes 10 families herein and eight in NGW | Exclusion of Mullidae and Callionymoidei renders Syngnathiformes paraphyletic. |
Aulostomoidei | Not classified herein | Not monophyletic. |
Callionymiformes | Suborder (Callionymoidei) of Syngnathiformes herein | Recognition of Callionymiformes as a separate order renders Syngnathiformes paraphyletic. |
Anabantaria | Not classified by NGW | A robust clade (series) including the orders Synbranchiformes (including Indostomidae) and Anabantiformes. |
Indostomoidei | Not classified by NGW | Indostomidae is not included in Synbranchiformes by NGW; exclusion of this family renders the order (and component suborders) non-monophyletic. |
Nandoidei | Not classified by NGW | The order Anabantiformes in classified in three suborders herein. This scheme is robust to phylogenetic uncertainity. |
Carangaria | Not classified by NGW | A robust clade (series) including the orders Istiophoriformes, Carangiformes, Pleuronectiformes and several families listed as order-level incertae sedis. |
Istiophoriformes | Includes two families herein and three in NGW | Inclusion of Sphyraenidae renders Istiophoriformes non-monophyletic. |
Belonoidei/Exocoetoidei | Exocoetoidei sensu NGW; Belonoidei herein | Belonoidei is the name-bearer. |
Eupercaria | Not classified by NGW | A robust clade (series) including at least 17 orders and 161 families. The order Perciformes belongs in this clade. |
Gerreiformes | Not classified by NGW | Includes the family Gerreidae, which is sister to all other eupercarians (listed under Perciformes in NGW). |
Acanthuriformes | Includes three families herein and five in NGW | Inclusion of Emmelichthyidae and Sciaenidae renders Acanthuriformes non-monophyletic. |
Acanthuroidei and Sciaenoidei | Not classified herein | See comment under Acanthuriformes above. |
Moroniformes/Ephippiformes | Moroniformes in NGW (three families) and Ephippiformes herein (two families) | Our results do not support a close relationship between Moronidae and Drepaneidae + Ephippidae. |
Spariformes | Includes three families herein and six in NGW | Inclusion of Callanthiidae, Lobotidae (including Datnioididae) and Sillaginidae renders Spariformes non-monophyletic. |
Chaetodontiformes | Not classified by NGW | A robust clade (order) including the families Chaetodontidae and Leiognathidae. |
Lobotiformes | Not classified by NGW | A robust clade (order) including the families Hapalogenyidae, Datnioididae and Lobotidae (listed in Spariformes or Perciformes in NGW). |
Lutjaniformes | Not classified by NGW | A robust clade (order) including the families Lutjanidae and Haemulidae (listed under Perciformes in NGW). |
Priacanthiformes | Not classified by NGW | A robust clade (order) including the families Priacanthidae and Cepolidae (listed under Perciformes in NGW). |
Uranoscopiformes | Not classified by NGW | A robust clade (order) including the families Ammodytidae, Cheimarrichthyidae, Pinguipedidae and Uranoscopidae (listed under Trachiniformes in NGW). |
Moloidei | Not classified by NGW | Placement of Molidae in Tetraodontoidei often results in the non-monophyly of this suborder. The subordinal classification for Tetraodontiformes is robust to phylogenetic uncertainty |
Triacanthodoidei | Not classified by NGW | Placement of Triacanthodidae in Triacanthoidei often results in the non-monophyly of this suborder. The subordinal classification for Tetraodontiformes is robust to phylogenetic uncertainty |
Ostracioidea/Ostracioidei | Spelling | NGW recognize the “Suborder Ostracioidea”, but the appropriate ending for the rank suborder is “-iodei.” |
Pempheriformes | Not classified by NGW | A robust clade (order) including 17 families (most listed under Perciformes in NGW). |
Centrarchiformes | Not classified by NGW | A robust clade (order) including five suborders and 18 families (most listed under Perciformes in NGW). |
Perciformes | Includes 61 families herein and 62 in NGW (but with very different circumscriptions) | Our definition of Perciformes is monophyletic; NGW maintain the status quo by treating Perciformes as a taxonomic waste basket (polyphyletic). |
Percoidei | Includes three families herein and 46 in NGW | Our definition of Percoidei is monophyletic; NGW maintain the status quo by treating Percoidei as a taxonomic waste basket (polyphyletic). |
Serranoidei | Not classified by NGW | Includes Serranidae. |
Bembropoidei | Not classified by NGW | Includes Bembropidae. |
Notothenioidei | Includes nine families herein and eight in NGW | The family Percophidae is a member of Notothenioidei herein [following 242], whereas in NGW it belongs in Trachiniformes. |
Scorpaeniformes | Includes several families in NGW that are part of four different perciform suborders herein | Recognition of Scorpaeniformes as a separate order renders Perciformes non-monophyletic. |
Gasterosteoidei/Gasterosteales | Gasterosteoidei (suborder of Scorpaeniformes) in NGW and Gasterosteales (suborder of Perciformes) herein | Gasterosteales herein is similar to Gasterosteoidei sensu NGW, except that the former excludes Indostomidae (classified under Synbranchiformes herein). |
Ceratodontoidei | Not classified by NGW | Classified by NEL. |
Lepidosirenoidei | Not classified by NGW | Highlights sister-group relationship between African and South American lungfishes (see also NEL). |