Fig. 2

Comparisons between sexes and among treatments in Leptodactylus frogs. a Residuals against body size of digit ratios 2D:4D (2D:4D) and lengths of Digit II and Digit IV for males (black) and females (white) of Leptodactylus podicipinus and L. fuscus. b Residuals of phalangeal lengths (proximal and distal phalanges) of Digit II in males (black) and females (white) of Leptodactylus podicipinus.c X-ray images indicating bone segments measured in adult specimens (scale bar of 10 mm provided): DII = Digit II, D IV = Digit IV, dp = distal phalanx, pp. = proximal phalanx, m = metacarpal. d Results from experimental testosterone exposure of Leptodactylus fuscus tadpoles during development, indicating differences in 2D:4D and digit lengths between the testosterone-exposed group (black) and the two controls (white: Control A = vehicle solution only and grey: Control B = only water). e Osteological differences regarding the length of Digit II proximal phalanx between the group treated with testosterone (black) and the two controls (white: Control A = vehicle solution only and grey: Control B = only water). In all graphs, the columns correspond to mean values, and the vertical bars indicate standard errors; all measurements were taken in millimeters. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are indicated by asterisks