Table 1 List of populations used in this study

Ancient DNA population

n

Approx. age (yr BP)

Sampled location

References

Mogou

55

4000

Gansu

This study

Hecun

9

4500

Guangxi

Unpublished

Lamadong

17

1700

Liaoning

[38]

Hengbei

64

3000

Shanxi

[40]

Niuheliang

28

5000

Liaoning

[41]

Taojiazhai

29

1900

Qinghai

[6]

Dongdajing

17

1700

Inner Monglia

[39]

Qilangshan

16

1700

Inner Monglia

[37]

Modern population

n

Groups

Sampled location/ethnicity (n)

Northern Han

267

5

Gansu (45), Qinghai (51), Shaanxi (53), Liaoning (51), Jiangsu (67)

[16, 17, 42, 43]

Northern minorities

192

4

Ewenki (47), Korean (48), Mongolian (49), Uygur (48)

[44, 46]

Southern Han

168

5

Fujian (54), Guangdong (29), Guangxi (26), Hunan (16), Yunnan (43)

[16, 17, 42, 43]

Miao-Yao

215

4

Hunan (102), Guangxi (73), Yunnan (40)

[48]

Tai-Kadai

397

11

Buyang (31), Caolan (30), Jiamao (27), Lingan (31), Mak (33), Mollao (29), Mulam (39), Pou (34), Sui (30), Then (30), Zhuang (83)

[46, 49]

Austro-Asiatic

84

3

Bugan (32), Palyu (30), Va (22)

[49]

Tibeto-Burman

235

6

Bai (90), Hani (33), Nakchu (30), Tibetan (35), Tujia (31), Yi (16)

[45,46,47]