Musculoskeletal networks reveal topological disparity in mammalian neck evolution

Arnold, Patrick; Esteve-Altava, Borja; Fischer, Martin S.

doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1101-1

BMC Ecology and Evolution

Table 4 Summary of network modules

From: Musculoskeletal networks reveal topological disparity in mammalian neck evolution

Order	Species	M1	M2	M3	M4	M5
Afrosoricida	Chrysospalax trevelyani	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
Afrosoricida	Micropotamogale ruwenzorii	cranio-atlantal	midcervcial^a	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	pectoral
Carnivora	Canis lupus	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervical	lower cervical	ventral	thoracic
	Civettictis civetta	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
	Felis silvestris	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical	ventral	thoracic
	Galictis cuja	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical	ventral	thoracic
	Zalophus californianus	cranio-atlantal	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	pectoral
Cetartiodactyla	Babyrousa babyrussa	cranio-atlantal humeral	midcervical	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	scapular
	Bos taurus	cranio-atlantal humeral	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	scapular
	Camelus bactrianus	cranio-atlantal	midcervical	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	pectoral
	Giraffa camelopardalis	cranio-atlantal	midcervcial-pectoral	lower cervical	ventral	thoracic
	Kogia breviceps	cranio-atlantal costal	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	pectoral
Chiroptera	Pteropus vampyrus	cranio-atlantal	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventro-pectoral
Chiroptera	Vespertilio murinus	cranio-atlantal	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventro-pectoral
Cingulata	Dasypus novemcinctus	cranio-atlantal axial	midcervcial	lower cervical	ventral	thoracic
Dasyuromorpha	Sarcophilus harrisii	cranio-atlantal	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	pectoral
Didelphimorphia	Didelphis virginiana	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
Diprotodontia	Macropus rufus	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral^d
	Phascolarctos cinereus	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
	Trichosurus vulpecula	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
Eulipotyphla	Erinaceus europaeus	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
	Scalopus aquaticus	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
	Suncus murinus	atlantal	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	cranio-ventro-pectoral	costal
Hyracoidea	Procavia capensis	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical	ventral	thoracic
Lagomorpha	Oryctolagus cuniculus	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervical^b	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
Monotremata	Ornithorhynchus anatinus	cranio-atlantal	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventro-pectoral
Monotremata	Tachyglossus aculeatus	cranio-atlantal axial	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	pectoral
Notoryctemorphia	Notoryctes typhlops	cranio-atlantal	midcervcial	lower cervical	ventro-pectoral	thoracic
Paucituberculata	Caenolestes fuliginosus	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervical^c	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
Peramelemorphia	Macrotis lagotis	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial^a	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
Perissodactyla	Equus caballus	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical	ventral	thoracic
Perissodactyla	Tapirus indicus	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical	ventral	thoracic
Pholidota	Manis pentadactyla	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervical^b	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
Pilosa	Bradypus tridactylus	cranio-atlantal	upper midcervical	lower midcervical	ventro-clavicular	lower cervical - thoracic scapular
	Choloepus didactylus	cranio-atlantal	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	pectoral
	Cyclopes didactylus	cranio-atlantal	midcervcial - thoracic	lower cervical C5&rest	ventral	pectoral
Primates	Homo sapiens	cranio-atlantal	midcervical^b	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	pectoral
	Loris tardigradus	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial^a	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	thoracic
	Macaca mulatta	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervical^c	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	costal
Proboscidea	Elephas maximus	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervical^c	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
Rodentia	Chinchilla lanigera	cranio-atlantal scapular	midcervical	lower cervical	ventro-clavicular	thoracic
	Heteromys desmarestianus	cranio-atlantal	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral	pectoral
	Neotoma fuscipes	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervical	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
	Pedetes capensis	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial^a	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
	Sciurus vulgaris	cranio-atlantal scapular	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventro-clavicular
Scandentia	Ptilocercus lowii	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral
Sirenia	Dugong dugon	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervcial	lower cervical	ventral	thoracic
Tubulidentata	Orycteropus afer	cranio-atlantal pectoral	midcervical^b	lower cervical - thoracic	ventral

Contribution of the pectoral elements to different modules marked in bold. Left-right division of pectoral and costal elements is not considered in this summary table. Scapular, humeral, and clavicular elements are separately indicated when the pectoral bones and associated muscles are not group within the same module
^a no clear assignment of C5 to the midcervical or lower cervical module
^b potential subdivision of the midcervical module into C2/C3 and C4/C5
^c no clear assignment of C2 to the cranio-atlantal or midcervical module
^d no clear division between the cranio-atlantal and ventral module

Back to article page

ISSN: 2730-7182

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com