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Fig. 5 | BMC Evolutionary Biology

Fig. 5

From: Wnt signaling and polarity in freshwater sponges

Fig. 5

Pharmacological inhibition of Wnt signaling prevents development and regeneration of oscula in Spongilla lacustris. a) Table showing a summary of treatment results for osculum growth experiments and osculum regeneration experiments. b), c) No treatment and DMSO controls, respectively, showing normal gross morphology of a hatchling, with the gemmule husk (G), an osculum (osc) and canals (c). d) Catastrophic release of undifferentiated cells (und. Cells) after hatching in a high dose of niclosamide (20 μM). e) and f) Treatment with 0.2 μM niclosamide. e) When gemmules are hatched in niclosamide, oscula and canals do not form by 5 dph. f) When the osculum is removed from a normal sponge with subsequent niclosamide treatment, sponges fail to regenerate the osculum within 48 h, and also lose canals. g) and h) treatment with 5 μM quercetin. g) After 5 days of growth, quercetin also prevents osculum development, and canals do not form fully – instead they form canal spaces (cs) that appear distinct from one another in the tissue. These animals also grow and then recede, leaving behind a strand of tissue (st). h) Quercetin-treated animals fail to regrow oscula within 48 h and canals begin to degenerate into canal spaces (cs). i) and j) Osculum regeneration before removal (i) and after 24 h (j) with no treatment

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