Fig. 4
From: Adaptation and constraint in the evolution of the mammalian backbone
Along-column variation in morphology, disparity and rate. PCA’s representing morphological variation at each vertebral position. Black box: significant effect of phylogeny and size; Orange box: significant effect of locomotor ecology. Disparity (Procrustes variance) and evolutionary rate at each position shown below, with confidence intervals based on randomized residuals. T1: First thoracic; Mid-T: mid-thoracic; Dia: diaphragmatic; Ant L: anterior lumbar; Last L: last lumbar