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Table 3 Landmarks used in this study

From: Morphological evolution and modularity of the caecilian skull

 

Landmark position

1

Nasopremaxilla, palatal surface: medial extreme of tooth row

2

Maxillopalatine, lateral surface: posterior extreme

3

Nasopremaxilla, dorsal surface: anteromedial position

4

Nasopremaxilla, dorsal surface: medial suture with frontal

5

Frontal: most lateral suture position with nasal

6

Parietal: suture with os basale along midline

7

Os basale: dorsal extreme of foramen magnum

8

Vomer: posterior extreme, medial to the choana

9

Os basale: ventral extreme of foramen magnum

10

Os basale, ventral surface: anteromedial extreme on the anteriorly projecting process

11

Quadrate: medial extreme of jaw joint articular surface

12

Quadrate: lateral extreme of jaw joint articular surface

13

Nasopremaxilla: lateral suture with frontal

14

Maxillopalatine, interdental plate: anteromedial extreme of tooth row

15

Maxillopalatine, interdental plate: posterolateral extreme

16

Maxillopalatine, interdental plate: anteromedial extreme

17

Maxillopalatine, maxillary plate: anterior extreme

18

Maxillopalatine, maxillary plate: posterior extreme of tooth row

19

Maxillopalatine, maxillary plate: inflection point where bone splits to surround the choana

20

Nasopremaxilla, palatal surface: lateral extreme of tooth row

21

Nasopremaxilla, palatal surface: posteromedial extreme

22

Vomer: medial extreme of tooth row

23

Vomer: lateral extreme of tooth row

24

Os basale, ventral surface: medial position on the muscle ridge

25

Os basale, ventral surface: lateral position on the muscle ridge

26

Os basale, ventral surface: closest position to vomer

27

Os basale: dorsal extreme of occipital condyle

28

Os basale: ventral extreme of occipital condyle

29

Os basale: posterior extreme of fenestra ovalis

30

Os basale: lateral extreme along suture with parietal

31

Squamosal: anteromedial extreme

32

Squamosal: ventral extreme along suture with maxillopalatine

33

Squamosal: posteromedial extreme

34

Squamosal: posteroventral extreme

35

Frontal: suture with nasal along midline

36

Frontal: suture with parietal along midline

37

Frontal: lateral extreme suture with parietal

38

Parietal: suture with frontal along midline

39

Parietal: anterolateral position of parietal

40

Parietal: posterolateral extreme*

41

Maxillopalatine, lateral surface: anterior extreme of tooth row (dorsal)

42

Maxillopalatine, lateral surface: posterior extreme of tooth row, behind last tooth

43

Nasopremaxilla, dorsal surface: posterolateral extreme above tooth row

44

Nasopremaxilla, dorsal surface: anterior extreme of nares opening

45

Nasopremaxilla, dorsal surface: dorsal extreme of nares opening

46

Nasopremaxilla, dorsal surface: lateral extreme of nares opening

47

Nasopremaxilla, dorsal surface: ventral extreme of nares opening

48

Quadrate, lateral surface: anterolateral extreme

49

Maxillopalatine, interdental plate: anterolateral to the most posterior tooth

50

Os basale: anteromedial suture with parietal

51

Maxillopalatine, maxillary plate: posterior extreme of choanal rim

52

Maxillopalatine, maxillary plate: anterior extreme of choanal rim

53

Quadrate, lateral surface: anteromedial extreme

54

Quadrate, lateral surface: maximum curvature of jaw joint articular surface

55

Stapes, lateral aspect: anterior extreme of the rod, positioned midway dorsoventrally*

56

Stapes: position adjacent to posterior extreme of fenestra ovalis*

57

Stapes: position adjacent to anterior extreme of fenestra ovalis*

58

Stapes: position adjacent to dorsal extreme of fenestra ovalis*

59

Stapes: position adjacent to ventral extreme of fenestra ovalis*

60

Pterygoid process of quadrate (or if absent, pterygoid): posteromedial extreme of ventral surface*

61

Pterygoid process of quadrate (or if absent, pterygoid): posterolateral extreme of ventral surface*

62

Pterygoid process of quadrate (or if absent, pterygoid): anteromedial extreme of ventral surface*

63

Maxillopalatine, lateral surface: posterodorsal suture with squamosal*

64

Maxillopalatine, lateral surface: anterodorsal extreme*

65

Maxillopalatine: if tentacular groove present, suture with nasal and frontal*

66

Maxillopalatine: tentacular groove (if present), anterior extreme*

67

Maxillopalatine: tentacular groove (if present), posterior extreme*

68

Maxillopalatine: tentacular groove (if present), ventral extreme*

69

Mesethmoid (if absent, frontal): anteromedial extreme*

70

Mesethmoid (if absent, frontal): posteromedial extreme*

71

Postfrontal (if absent, squamosal): antero-dorsal extreme*

72

Pterygoid (if present): posteromedial extreme of ventral surface*

73

Pterygoid (if present): posterolateral extreme of ventral surface*

74

Pterygoid (if present): anteromedial extreme of ventral surface*

  1. 74 landmarks were placed onto the right-hand side of the cranium of each specimen. 21 landmarks (*) were removed prior to analyses as they were not homologous across all specimens. These 21 landmarks were used to fix curves around structures such as foramina