Fig. 4

Bayesian reconstruction of dN/dS for 165 ODAM sequences across the placental phylogeny. The variation of dN/dS was jointly reconstructed with divergence times while controlling the effect of three life-history traits (body mass, longevity, and maturity). Asterisks at the tips of terminal branches indicate non-functional sequences (pseudogenes). Stars indicate branches on which shared inactivating mutations were inferred in toothless or enamelless clades. The tree is rooted between Atlantogenata and Boreoeutheria. Placental orders are delimited to the right of species tree tips