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Table 3 Kendall’s τ results testing nine different modularity hypotheses of metric growth

From: Postcranial heterochrony, modularity, integration and disparity in the prenatal ossification in bats (Chiroptera)

 

Chiroptera

Aves

Non-volant mammals

Vertebral column (1)

0.2 (0.8065)

−0.111 (1)

0.738 (0.129)

Axial skeleton (2)

0.879 (< 0.0001)*

0.576 (0.1662)

0.806 (< 0.0001)*

Appendicular skeleton (3)

0.818 (0.0002)*

0.795 (< 0.0001)*

0.907 (< 0.0001)*

Armwing (4)

1 (1)

0.816 (1)

1 (1)

Handwing (5)

1 (1)

0.333 (1)

1 (1)

Forelimb functional (6)

1 (0.0085)

0.745 (0.0691)

1 (0.0085)

Hindlimb functional (7)

0.714 (0.0187)

0.837 (0.0061)

0.837 (0.0061)

Abaxial skeleton (8)

0.856 (< 0.0001)*

0.495 (< 0.0053)

0.775 (< 0.0001)*

Primaxial skeleton (9)

0.467 (0.2596)

0.286 (0.5593)

0.828 (0.0354)

  1. P values shown in parentheses. Values in bold were statistically significant before Bonferroni correction, and asterisks indicate significance after correction (P < 0.05/29 = 0.0017)