Fig. 1

Genetic structure based on COI haplotypes of 404 individuals of 14 populations of E. hirsuticauda. (a) Maximum likelihood phylogram of the relationships between some Excirolana species based on COI sequences. Sequences for E. braziliensis and E. chiltoni were obtained from GenBank (accession numbers at tip labels). (b) Maximum likelihood phylogram of COI haplotypes of E. hirsuticauda. Clade in red was unique to the sites to the north of 30°S (marked with red square on map) and showed reciprocal monophyly with sites to the south of 30°S. Grey branches and labels indicate a derived linage, albeit without reciprocal monophyly. In (a) and (b) numbers along the branches represent bootstrap support values. (c) Haplotype network of COI sequences. Circles represent each haplotype with size proportional to each colour representing a locality as designated in the contiguous map. (d) Geographic distribution of haplotypes. Each pie represents a haplotype, and the subdivisions represent relative frequencies of each haplotype per site. Colours represent shared haplotypes according to haplotype network in grey inset box. White portions denote haplotypes not shared with other localities