From: Genetic and morphological divergence among three closely related Phrynocephalus species (Agamidae)
 | P. guinanensis | P. putjatia | P. vlangalii | Effects | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Species | Sex | Species × Sex | |
N | 89 | 86 | 95 | 100 | 54 | 52 | Â | Â | Â |
Snout-vent length (mm) | 66.7 ± 0.6 | 66.1 ± 0.7 | 61.0 ± 0.5 | 60.4 ± 0.4 | 65.7 ± 1.0 | 63.5 ± 0.8 | F2, 470 = 54.79, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPc, PVb | F1, 470 = 4.74, P = 0.030; F > M | F2, 470 = 0.98, P = 0.378 |
53.2–77.1 | 51.0–78.8 | 49.3–70.5 | 50.0–69.8 | 51.5–83.4 | 52.7–77.2 | ||||
Head length (mm) | 16.8 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 0.1 | 15.2 ± 0.1 | 15.5 ± 0.1 | 15.9 ± 0.2 | 15.9 ± 0.2 | F2, 469 = 57.15, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVb | F1, 469 = 50.83, P < 0.0001; F < M | F2, 469 = 0.95, P = 0.388 |
14.5–19.1 | 13.8–19.9 | 13.5–16.9 | 13.5–17.9 | 12.7–18.8 | 13.3–18.1 | ||||
Head width (mm) | 13.8 ± 0.1 | 14.2 ± 0.1 | 12.8 ± 0.1 | 13.0 ± 0.1 | 13.8 ± 0.2 | 13.9 ± 0.2 | F2, 469 = 14.05, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVa | F1, 469 = 43.74, P < 0.0001; F < M | F2, 469 = 2.16, P = 0.116 |
11.9–15.6 | 11.2–16.5 | 11.1–14.6 | 11.2–14.7 | 11.0–16.4 | 11.8–16.2 | ||||
Abdomen length (mm) | 36.0 ± 0.3 | 34.0 ± 0.4 | 33.2 ± 0.3 | 31.4 ± 0.3 | 36.8 ± 0.6 | 33.4 ± 0.5 | F2, 469 = 13.15, P < 0.0001; PGc, PPb, PVa | F1, 469 = 125.32, P < 0.0001; F > M | F2, 469 = 1.23, P = 0.292 |
28.0–42.7 | 26.1–43.0 | 26.2–40.7 | 24.8–38.2 | 27.0–46.9 | 27.0–41.0 | ||||
Tail length (mm) | 60.0 ± 0.7 | 65.5 ± 0.8 | 54.6 ± 0.7 | 59.5 ± 0.7 | 58.0 ± 0.9 | 63.0 ± 0.9 | F2, 469 = 1.73, P = 0.179 | F1, 469 = 138.98, P < 0.0001; F < M | F2, 429 = 0.68, P = 0.506 |
46.9–76.0 | 50.8–81.0 | 41.4–66.8 | 42.9–71.7 | 44.2–70.2 | 47.6–75.5 | ||||
Fore-limb length (mm) | 18.3 ± 0.2 | 18.9 ± 0.3 | 16.7 ± 0.1 | 16.9 ± 0.1 | 18.0 ± 0.2 | 18.0 ± 0.2 | F2, 469 = 4.68, P < 0.01; PGa, PPb, PVab | F1, 469 = 19.27, P < 0.0001; F < M | F2, 469 = 1.19, P = 0.306 |
14.8–23.5 | 15.3–24.8 | 14.1–19.0 | 14.2–18.8 | 14.6–21.6 | 14.4–21.2 | ||||
Hind-limb length (mm) | 28.5 ± 0.3 | 30.1 ± 0.3 | 26.0 ± 0.2 | 27.3 ± 0.2 | 26.7 ± 0.3 | 27.7 ± 0.3 | F2, 469 = 31.75, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVc | F1, 469 = 117.23, P < 0.0001; F < M | F2, 469 = 0.62, P = 0.540 |
23.2–34.9 | 24.0–35.6 | 22.1–30.6 | 21.7–31.1 | 21.4–31.7 | 23.1–31.6 | ||||
4th finger length (mm) | 5.7 ± 0.06 | 5.9 ± 0.06 | 5.1 ± 0.04 | 5.3 ± 0.04 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.1 | F2, 469 = 20.86, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVb | F1, 469 = 38.20, P < 0.0001; F < M | F2, 469 = 1.80, P = 0.166 |
4.6–6.9 | 4.7–7.3 | 4.2–6.0 | 4.4–6.2 | 4.3–6.7 | 4.5–7.1 | ||||
4th toe length (mm) | 8.9 ± 0.1 | 9.5 ± 0.1 | 7.9 ± 0.05 | 8.3 ± 0.06 | 7.6 ± 0.1 | 8.1 ± 0.1 | F2, 469 = 98.06, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVc | F1, 469 = 76.41, P < 0.0001; F < M | F2, 469 = 1.37, P = 0.255 |
7.3–10.7 | 7.2–13.2 | 6.6–9.0 | 7.2–10.3 | 6.1–9.5 | 6.3–9.3 | ||||
Claw length of the 4th finger (mm) | 2.6 ± 0.04 | 2.3 ± 0.04 | 2.4 ± 0.03 | 2.3 ± 0.03 | 2.0 ± 0.04 | 1.9 ± 0.04 | F2, 469 = 73.94, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPa, PVb | F1, 469 = 8.33, P < 0.005; F > M | F2, 469 = 3.34, P = 0.036 |
1.8–3.6 | 1.6–3.4 | 1.6–3.1 | 1.4–3.2 | 1.3–2.7 | 1.5–2.9 | ||||
Claw length of the 4th toe (mm) | 2.3 ± 0.04 | 2.3 ± 0.03 | 2.1 ± 0.03 | 2.2 ± 0.03 | 1.9 ± 0.03 | 2.0 ± 0.04 | F2, 469 = 40.67, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVc | F1, 469 = 4.92, P < 0.027; F < M | F2, 469 = 0.71, P = 0.491 |
1.1–3.2 | 1.7–3.1 | 1.4–2.8 | 1.4–3.2 | 1.5–2.4 | 1.5–3.0 | ||||
Nasal scales | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.06 | 4.0 ± 0.06 | 4.0 ± 0.08 | 3.9 ± 0.08 | F2, 470 = 97.22, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVb | F1, 470 = 0.17, P = 0.680 | F2, 470 = 0.12, P = 0.888 |
3–8 | 3–8 | 3–5 | 3–5 | 3–5 | 3–5 | ||||
Internasal scales | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.07 | 5.5 ± 0.07 | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.1 | F2, 470 = 147.54, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVb | F1, 470 = 0.08, P = 0.779 | F2, 470 = 0.28, P = 0.755 |
5–8 | 5–8 | 5–7 | 5–7 | 4–7 | 4–7 | ||||
Scales around parietal eye | 9.8 ± 0.1 | 9.8 ± 0.1 | 9.1 ± 0.1 | 9.1 ± 0.1 | 7.8 ± 0.1 | 7.8 ± 0.2 | F2, 470 = 129.78, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVc | F1, 470 = 0.01, P = 0.913 | F2, 470 = 0.01, P = 0.991 |
8–12 | 8–12 | 6–12 | 7–11 | 6–10 | 5–11 | ||||
Supraocular scales | 15.8 ± 0.2 | 15.7 ± 0.2 | 13.5 ± 0.2 | 13.3 ± 0.2 | 13.1 ± 0.2 | 12.7 ± 0.2 | F2, 470 = 119.30, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVc | F1, 470 = 1.73, P = 0.190 | F2, 470 = 0.40, P = 0.669 |
12–21 | 11–20 | 10–19 | 10–19 | 10–18 | 10–16 | ||||
Superciliaris | 11.4 ± 0.1 | 11.2 ± 0.1 | 10.9 ± 0.1 | 10.9 ± 0.1 | 11.2 ± 0.1 | 10.6 ± 0.1 | F2, 470 = 8.51, P < 0.0003; PGa, PPb, PVb | F1, 430 = 9.415, P < 0.003; F > M | F2, 430 = 1.62, P = 0.200 |
9–14 | 9–14 | 9–13 | 8–13 | 9–14 | 9–12 | ||||
Gular folds | 23.6 ± 0.3 | 23.2 ± 0.3 | 22.7 ± 0.3 | 21.8 ± 0.3 | 21.3 ± 0.3 | 21.0 ± 0.3 | F2, 470 = 27.14, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVc | F1, 470 = 3.72, P = 0.054 | F2, 470 = 0.58, P = 0.559 |
17–28 | 16–31 | 16–30 | 17–28 | 17–26 | 16–25 | ||||
Dorsal scales | 134.5 ± 1.4 | 131.4 ± 1.3 | 117.6 ± 1.5 | 115.5 ± 1.2 | 105.2 ± 1.6 | 101.6 ± 1.5 | F2, 470 = 193.22, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVc | F1, 430 = 6.16, P = 0.013; F > M | F2, 430 = 0.13, P = 0.882 |
100–162 | 107–158 | 91–149 | 94–154 | 78–127 | 79–118 | ||||
Ventral scales | 115.3 ± 1.2 | 116.7 ± 1.3 | 100.5 ± 1.2 | 101.7 ± 1.1 | 86.6 ± 1.4 | 87.1 ± 1.4 | F2, 470 = 229.86, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVc | F1, 430 = 0.92, P = 0.338 | F2, 430 = 0.05, P = 0.951 |
89–138 | 83–153 | 74–129 | 81–131 | 71–112 | 73–118 | ||||
Subdigital lamellae of the 4th finger | 16.9 ± 0.2 | 17.1 ± 0.1 | 15.6 ± 0.2 | 15.3 ± 0.2 | 14.3 ± 0.2 | 14.2 ± 0.2 | F2, 470 = 113.47, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVc | F1, 470 = 0.17, P = 0.683 | F2, 470 = 1.48, P = 0.229 |
13–21 | 14–22 | 11–19 | 11–19 | 12–18 | 11–18 | ||||
Subdigital lamellae of the 4th toe | 25.3 ± 0.2 | 25.5 ± 0.2 | 22.8 ± 0.2 | 22.5 ± 0.2 | 18.6 ± 0.3 | 18.4 ± 0.2 | F2, 470 = 398.62, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVc | F1, 470 = 0.14, P = 0.712 | F2, 470 = 0.75, P = 0.472 |
21–30 | 21–31 | 16–27 | 18–27 | 15–23 | 15–22 | ||||
Scales around mid-body | 159.0 ± 1.7 | 161.6 ± 1.6 | 141.2 ± 2.1 | 143.5 ± 2.2 | 135.0 ± 2.4 | 135.9 ± 2.0 | F2, 470 = 75.52, P < 0.0001; PGa, PPb, PVc | F1, 470 = 1.28, P = 0.258 | F2, 470 = 0.07, P = 0.928 |
127–203 | 121–217 | 102–201 | 106–204 | 108–202 | 111–173 |