Gene | Gene name | Gene function | Model | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wnt pathway | Â | |||
 CTNNB1 | Catenin β1 | Intracellular signaling protein of the Wnt–β-catenin pathway | DSG | |
 FZD4 | Frizzled Class Receptor 4 | Receptor for Wnt proteins | DSG | |
 DVL3 | Dishevelled Segment Polarity Protein 3 | Signal transduction protein in Wnt pathway | DSG | |
Hormone | ||||
 FSHR | Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor | FSHR is located in osteoclasts, FSH stimulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption | PSG | [45] |
Collagen protein | ||||
 COL1A2 | Collagen Type I Alpha 2 Chain | Abundant and widespread: dermis, bone, tendon, ligament | PSG (rib) | [46] |
 COL2A1 | Collagen Type II Alpha 1 Chain | Cartilage, vitreous | DSG | |
 COL3A1 | Collagen Type III Alpha 1 Chain | Skin, blood vessels, intestine | PSG, DSG (rib) | |
 COL5A2 | Collagen Type V Alpha 2 Chain | Bone, dermis, cornea, placenta | DSG (humerus) | |
 COL9A1 | Collagen Type IX Alpha 1 Chain | Cartilage, cornea, vitreous | DSG | |
 SPARC | Osteonectin | Required for the collagen in bone to become calcified | DSG | |
Osteoblast differentiation and function | ||||
 HES1 | Hes Family BHLH Transcription Factor 1 | Inhibiting osteoblast function and inducing bone resorption | DSG | [49] |
 RUNX2 | Runt-related transcription factor 2 | Transcription factor driving osteoblastogenesis | DSG | |
 MEPE | Matrix Extracellular Phosphoglycoprotein | Mineralization, phosphate regulation and osteogenesis. | PSG | [52] |
 STAT1 | Signal Transducer and Activator Of Transcription 1 | An important role in endochondral bone formation and chondrocyte differentiation | DSG | [53] |
Osteoclast differentiation and function | ||||
 TEC | Tec Protein Tyrosine Kinase | Activated by RANKL and Indispensable for osteoclastogenesis | DSG, PSG (humerus) | [54] |
 LCP2 | Lymphocyte Cytosolic Protein 2 | Adaptor molecules in osteoclastogenesis | DSG (humerus) | |
 FOSL1 | FOS Like 1, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit | Induces transcription of Fosl1 in osteoclast differentiation | DSG (humerus) | [55] |
 IFNAR1 | Interferon Alpha and Beta Receptor Subunit 1 | Regulating osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption | PSG | [56] |
 MITF | Melanogenesis Associated Transcription Factor | Nuclear activity of osteoclast | PSG (humerus) | [57] |
 TNFRSF1A | TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 1A | TNF-α inhibit osteoblast differentiation and active osteoclastogenesis through TNFRSF1A | PSG (rib) | [58] |