Fig. 4
From: Fossil amber reveals springtails’ longstanding dispersal by social insects
Abundance of ants and termites, collembola body fossils, phoretic behaviors and clasping organs over time. a Evolution of the percentage Isoptera [orange] and Formicidae [green] among other Hexapoda found from fossil amber and compression-preservation deposits. Based on abundances provided in Engel et al. [35] for Isoptera and Grimaldi & Agosti [36], LaPolla et al. [37] for Formicidae. b Body fossils of Collembola over time c Associations of Collembola onto other organisms over time, including modern cases with slugs, decapods, ants, and termites. Figures represent the number of attached springtail individuals. d Clasping organs described from fossil ambers. Stars = first fossil occurrences; squares = body fossils; frame = case described here. Arthropod silhouettes from PhyloPic [38,39,40,41]